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Acknowledgments Since the idea for this book emerged in 2004, several friends and institutions helped make it a reality. This project could not have been realized without the support of the Russell Sage Foundation, which provided me with a Presidential grant. The German Marshall Fund also supported the project in 2004 and 2005. A historian starts his research in the archives. At the History Office of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, now of the Department of Homeland Security, Marian Smith was always a thoughtful guide. Her successor, Zack Wilkse, with his sure, smart, and precise knowledge of the entire history of naturalization in the United States, was of invaluable assistance. He deserves my special and respectful gratitude. Many thanks go too to the staffs of the Library of Congress, the National Archives (in College Park and in the District of Columbia), the Mudd Library at Princeton University, the Yale University Archives, the Bentley Historical Library at the University of Michigan , the Harvard Law Library, and the Roosevelt Presidential Library; to Gary Lavergne who agreed to spend few days at the University of Texas– Austin Archives, and to Rahsaan Maxwell who was my special envoy to the Emma Goldman Archives at the University of California Berkeley. The team at the Goldman Archives was always very helpful. If I had not been invited to teach at the Yale Law School for consecutive fall semesters, this work would have not been completed. The intelligence and friendship of my colleagues, research assistants, students and librarians has been an incomparable stimulation. Day after day they taught me everything from the principles of the American law to the details of its history in many fields and dimensions. Without this invaluable environment, this book would not now exist. Special thanks go to Bruce Ackerman, Akhil Amar, Jack Balkin, Rick Brooks, Guido Calabresi, Owen Fiss, Heather Gerken, Linda Greenhouse, Harold Koh, Jerry Machaw, Daniel Markovics, Tracy Meares, 284 Acknowledgments Gabe Mendlow, Nick Parrillo, Robert Post, Michael Reisman, Judith Resnik, Susan Rose-Ackerman, Peter Schuck, Scott Shapiro, Reva Siegel, Jim Whitman , John Witt, to Blair Kaufman, Richard Hasbany, Teresa Miguel and to Monika Piotrowicz. Gerald Neuman, a smart and uncompromising reader, followed this project from its origins. Alice Kaplan encouraged me to visit the Weinberger Papers at the Yale University archives, and she was right: I found a treasure trove. Later she introduced me to Peter Edelman, who clerked for Justice Arthur Goldberg, and she was often there when my energy was failing. Judge Jon Newman, former clerk of Chief Justice Earl Warren, put me on the path of Perez and Trop. Always respectful of a law clerk’s obligation of confidentiality, he became my guide when the archives yielded extraordinary discoveries that could not be easily decoded or interpreted. He introduced me to many of his fellow former clerks, whose help has been invaluable. Robert Girard, Dallin H. Oaks, and his son, Steven Pollak, and—during the last stage of my research, at NYU Law School—Norman Dorsen all provided me with wonderful help and advice. With their comments, information and suggestions David Abraham, Nicolas Barreyre, Gwénaële Calvès, Daniel Cohen, Pamela Druckerman, William Frucht, Nancy Green, Patrick Gudridge, Masako Hattori, Tamar Jacoby , Linda Kerber, Thomas Klug, Alison Mackeen, Sara McDougall, Robert McLaughlin, Etienne Ollion, Emma Rothschild, Peter Sahlins, Rebecca Scott, Paul Schor, Norman Silber, and David Todd also contributed to this book. Jesse Schreger was my first smart entrepreneur-assistant on this project in 2004 and 2005. Josh Gibson worked with me in Paris in 2007−2008 and did a fantastic job. From 2008 to 2011, Alyssa King, Noorain Khan, Itamar Mann, Shi Chi Pan of Yale Law School and, in the last stage of my research, Ashley Lewis, of NYU Law School, were all intelligent, rapid, and efficient research assistants. Alexander Zevin, a talented reader, assisted me very cleverly throughout the different stages of the manuscript. Last but not least, Robby Braun, my research assistant at Yale Law School in the fall of 2010, took the project to heart and worked with me until the completion of the manuscript in 2012. This book owes a lot to his exceptional and multiple research and writing skills. There is no good book without a great publisher. In 2007, Rogers Smith immediately backed this project. He helped me find my first funding by arranging for me to sign a contract with the University of Pennsylvania Press. Acknowledgments 285 Since the project has evolved to become this first...

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