The Cistercian Evolution: The Invention of a Religious Order in Twelfth-Century Europe

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The Cistercian Evolution The Middle Ages Series Ruth Mazo Karras, Series Editor Edward Peters, Founding Editor A complete list of books in the series is available from the publisher. The CistercianEvolution The Invention of a Religious Order in Twelfth-Century Europe Constance Hoffman Berman PENN University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia • Oxford Copyright © 2000, 2010 University of PennsylvaniaPress All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher. Published by University of PennsylvaniaPress Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112 Printed in the United States of America on acid-freepaper 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Berman, Constance H. The Cistercian evolution: the invention of a religious order in twelfth-century Europe / Constance Hoffman Berman p. cm. —(The Middle Ages Series) Includes bibliographical referencesand index ISBN 978-0-8122-2102-8 i. Cistercians—France, Southern-History. 2. Monasticism and religious ordersFrance , Southern—History—Middle Ages, 600-1500. I. Title. BX3431 .B461999 271'.12—dc2i 99-048399 To David and Benjamin This page intentionally left blank ...