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xi A Note on Transliteration and Place Names In citations from the original Russian and Ukrainian, I have adhered to the United States Library of Congress transliteration system. Yiddish is transliterated following the YIVO system of orthography. I have transliterated proper nouns in keeping with these systems, except in cases where the name has been standardized in English (for example, Gogol, rather than Gogol’ or Hohol’, Mayakovsky, rather than Maiakovskii, and Sholem Aleichem, rather than Sholem Aleykhem). The multiple cultural and linguistic communities who have lived in the Ukrainian territories spell the place names that appear in this book in different ways. The Ukrainian city of Lviv, for example, is Lvov to Russians and Lemberg to Yiddish-speaking Jews. In my general discussion of the region, except where this would be grossly anachronistic, I have tried to use the standard Ukrainian spelling for the names of cities and geographical landmarks . However, in order to avoid confusion, I have maintained the Russian place names for sites that are best known in English by their Russian pronunciation, such as Kiev and Odessa (as opposed to Kyïv and Odesa), as well as for cities and towns that are important to this book because of their appearance in Russian literature, such as Sorochintsy (Sorochyntsi in Ukrainian ). In most cases of translations from, and references to, literary texts, I have maintained the place name used by the author. Courtesy of Beehive Mapping ...

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