Flowering Plants: Basswoods to Spurges

Introduction

Introduction This volume is the fourth devoted to dicotyledons, or dicot plants. Dicots are the greatest group of flowering plants, exceeding the monocotyledons, or monocots. Dicots are plants which produce a pair of seed leaves during germination, while monocots produce merely a single seed leaf. Five volumes have been published on monocots, covering such plants as grasses, sedges, lilies, orchids, irises, aroids, and pondweeds . The dicots include slleh plant groups as roses, mllstards, mints, nightshades, milkweeds, asters, and pinks. The three previously published volumes on dicots treated hollies to loasas, willows to mustards, and magnolias to pitcher plants. Since there are over 200,000 different kinds of flowering plants, it is necessary for systems of classifications to be developed to organize so many species. Since the time of Linnaeus in the eighteenth century, and even before, botanists have published hundreds of classification schemes. Each scheme has attempted to group plants of similar characters together. As more and more information is learned about plants, the newer systems of classification try to incorporate this information. When I began to write the flowering plants in thc series, I had to select one system to follow for the presentation of the flowering plants. After considerable soul searching, I chose a classification proposed by Robert Thorne in outline form in 1968. I have, however , departed from Thorne's system in a few instances. J am following Thorne in using the standard suffix -aceae for all families. Thus, the Cruciferae becomes the Brassicaceae, the Guttiferae becomes the Hypericaceae, the Leguminosae becomes the Fabaceae, the Umbelliferae becomes the Apiaceae, the Labiatae becomes the Lamiaceae, the Compositae becomes the Asteraceae, and the Gramineae becomes the Poaceae. Since the Thorne classification is conSiderably different from the more traditional Engler system, the sequence for the dicots is presented next. Those names in boldface are described in this volume of The Illustrated Flora of Illinois. Order Annonales Family Magnoliaceae Family Annonaceae Family Calycanthaceae Family Aristolochiaceae Family Lauraceae Family Saururaceae Order Berberidales Family Menispermaceae Family Ranunculaceae 2 / BASSWOODS TO SPURGES Family Berberidaceae Family Papaveraceae Order Nymphaeales Family Nymphaeaceae Family Ceratophyllaceae Order Sarraceniales Family Sarraceniaceae Order Theales Family Aquifoliaceae Family HypericaceaeI Family Elatinaceae Family Ericaceae Order Ebenales Family Ebenaceae Family Styracaceae Family Sapotaceae Order Primulales Family Primulaceae Order Cistales Family Violaceae Family Cistaceae Family Passifloraceae Family Cucurbitaceae Family Loasaceae Order Salicales Family Salicaceae Order Tamaricales Family Tamaricaceae Order Capparidales Family Capparidaceae Family Resedaceae Family Brassicaceae Order Malvales Family Tiliaceae Family Sterculiaceae Family Malvaceae Order Urticales Family Ulmaceae Family Moraceae Family Urticaceae Order Rhamnales Family Rhamnaceae Family Elaeagnaceae Order Euphorbiales Family Thymelaeaceae 'Called Clusiaccae by Thorne (1968). Family Euphorbiaceae Order Solanalcs Family Solanaceae Family Convolvulaceae Family Polemoniaceae Order Campanulales Family Campanulaceae Order Santalales Family Celastraceae Family Santalaceae Family Loranthaceae Order Oleales Family Oleaceae Order Geraniales Family Linaceae Family Zygophyllaceae Family Oxalidaceae Family Geraniaceae Family Balsaminaccae Family Limnanthaceae Family Polygalaceae Order Rutales Family Rutaceae Family Simaroubaceae Family Anacardiaceae Family Sapindaceae Family Aceraceae Family Hippocastanaceae Family Juglandaceae Order Myricales Family Myricaceae Order Chenopodiales Family Phytolaccaceae Family Nyctaginaceae Family Aizoaceae Family Cactaceae Family Portulacaceae Family Chenopodiaceae Family Amaranthaceae Family Caryophyllaceae Family Polygonaceae Order Hamamelidales Family Hamamelidaceae Family Platanaceae Order Fagales Family Fagaceae Family Betulaceae Order Rosales Family Rosaceae Family Fabaceae Family Crassulaceae Family Saxifragaccae Family Droseraceac Family Staphyleaceae Order Myrtales Family Lythraceae Family Melastomaceae Family Onagraceae Order Gentianales Family Loganiaceae Family Rubiaceae Family Apocynaceae Family Asclepiadaceae2 Family Gentianaceae Family Menyanthaceae Order Bignoniales Family Bignoniaceae Family Martyniaceae Family Scrophulariaceae Family Plantaginaceae Family Orobanchaceae Introduction ! 3 Family Lentibulariaceae Family Acanthaceae Order Cornales Family Vitaceae Family Nyssaceae Family Cornaceae Family Haloragidaceae Family Hippurdiaceae Family Araliaceae Family Apiaceae3 Order Dipsacales Family Caprifoliaceae Family Adoxaceae Family Valerianaceae Family Dipsacaccae Order Lamiales Family HydrophyIlaeeae Family Boraginaceae Family Verbenaceae Family Phrymataceae4 Family CaIIitrichaceae Family Lamiaceae Order Asterales Family Asteraceae 2Included in Apocynaceae by Tborne (1968). 'Included in Araliaceae by Thorne (lg6S),