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CHAP. V.] OF RHETORIC. 403 fitter for all the subtle disquisitions both of philosophy and of criticism. If I am more doubtful in regard to the preference, when our tongue is compared with Greek, notwithstanding the superiority of our knowledge in arts and sciences, the reason ofmy doubt is, the amazing ductility of that language, by which it was adapted to express easily in derivations and compositions, new indeed but quite analogical, and therefore quite intelligible , any discoveries in the sciences, or invention in the arts, that might at any time be made in their own, or imported from foreign countries. Nay, it would seem to be a general conviction ofthis distinguishing excellence, that hath made Europeans almost universally recur to Greek for a supply ofnames to those things which are of modern invention, and with which the Grecians themselves never were acquainted, such as microscope , telescope, barometer, thermometer, and a thousand others. CHAPTER V. Of the Connectives employed in combining the Sentences in a Discourse. IN the preceding chapter I have discussed what I had to offer on the manner of connecting the words, the clauses, and the members ofa sentence. I intend in the present chapter to consider the various manners of connecting the sentences in a discourse , and to make some remarks on this subject, for the assistance of the composer, which are humbly submitted to the judgment of the reader. SECTION I.-The Necessity of Connectives for this Purpose. It will scarcely be doubted by any person of discernment, that as there should always be a natural connexion in the sentiments ofa discourse, there should generally be corresponding to this, an artificial connexion in the signs. Without such a connexion the whole will appear a sort of patch-work, and not a uniform piece. To such a style we .might justly apply the censure which the emperor Caligula gave of Seneca's, that is " sand without lime," 7 the parts having no cohesion. As to the connexion of periods and other sentences, it is formed, like 7 Arena sine calce. 404 THE PHILOSOPHY [BOOK m. that of words, clauses, and members, mostly by conjunctions, frequently by pronouns, the demonstrative especially,S and sometimes by other methods, of which I shall soon have occa.sion to take notice. When facts are related in continuation, or when one argument , remark, or illustration, is with the same view produced after another, the conjunction is a copulative.9 If the sentiment in the second sentence is in any way opposed to that which immediately precedes, an adversative is employed to conjoin them.' If it is produced as an exception, there are also exceptive conjunctions for the purpose.2 Both the last-mentioned orders are comprehended under the general name disjunctive . If the latter sentence include the reason of what had been affirmed in the preceding, the causal is used.S If, on the contrary, it contain an inference, it must be introduced by an illative! Besides these, there is in every tongue a number of phrases, which have the power of conjunctions in uniting sentences , and are ofgreat utility in composition, both for enabling the orator to hit with greater exactness the relations almost infinitely diversified that may subsist between the thoughts, and for the variety they afford in that part of speech, wherein variety is more needed than in any other.s It likewise deserves our notice, that several ofthose words which are always classed by grammarians and lexicographers among the adverbs, have, in uniting the several parts of a discourse, all the effect of conjunctions .6 The general name of conne.xive I shall therefore apply indiscriminately to them all. SECTION IT.-Observations on the Manner of using the Connectives in combining Sentence8. It remains to make a few observations with regard to the right manner of using the materials above specified, for connecting sentences and paragraphs. It is not indeed by any use of them, that we can propose to add much energy to the style, for that is rarely the gift of these particles; but we may employ them so as to preclude the irksomeness and langour which invariably result from an improper use of them. My first observation shall be, that as there are many con8 This, that, such. • And, now, also, too, likewise, again, besides,further, moreover, yea, nay, nor. 1 But, or, however, whereas. ' Yet, nevertheless. • For. ' Then, therefore. • Add to this, in like manner, on the contrary, in short, to proceed, to...

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