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191 Index Italicized page numbers indicate figures. Abraham Lincoln (Marchant painting), 168 African Americans: antagonism of immigrants toward, 20; response to Emancipation Proclamation, 11–15; violence against, in New York City draft riots, 3, 59, 61, 65, 80, 146. See also black troops Albany, New York, 32–36 Albany Atlas & Argus, 32, 34–35 Albany Evening Journal, 34 American Indian delegation at the White House, 113 American Journal of Photography, 112–13 American Revolution, and forces of democracy, 139 Ames, James, 162 Ames, Mary Clemmer, 165 Ames, Sarah Fisher Clampitt, 160–65 amnesty, universal, for Confederates, 135 Anderson, Osborne Perry, 11 Anderson, Robert, 107–8 Anthony Company, 108 Antietam, Maryland. See Battle of Antietam Antietam battlefield, Lincoln’s visit to, 111 Archer, Frederick Scott, 105 Army of the Cumberland, 130–31 Army of the Potomac: and Battle of Chancellorsville, 133; and Battle of Gettysburg, 95; Burnside and, 91; command given to Hooker, 93; failures of, 123; Lee’s assault on, 92–94; loss at Fredericksburg, 3; photographers at winter quarters of, in Falmouth, Virginia, 112 Bancroft, George, 182 Banks, Nathaniel, 125–28, 135 Basler, Roy P., 182 Battle of Antietam: Gardner’s photographs of, 111–12; preliminary proclamation and, 24–25, 73, 90–91, 145–46 Battle of Gettysburg, 95, 106, 134, 138, 144 battles: Big Black River (Mississippi), 97; Champion Hill, Mississippi, 97; Chancellorsville, Virginia, 78, 94, 115, 133; Chattanooga, Tennessee, 98–99; Chickamauga, Georgia, 81– 82, 98, 131; Fredericksburg, Virginia, 3, 73, 91, 112, 115, 116; Milliken’s Bend (Mississippi), 100, 146, 155n. 16; Murfreesboro, Tennessee, 91, 124, 130–31; Port Gibson, Mississippi, 96–97; Port Hudson, Louisiana, 126–28; Prairie Grove, Arkansas, 125; Seven Pines, Virginia, 92; Tullahoma campaign, Tennessee, 98. See also Battle of Antietam; Battle of Gettysburg; Vicksburg Campaign Bell, John, 139 Bennett, Lerone, Jr., 179 Big Black River (Mississippi), 97 Bill of Rights, 148 black troops: 1st South Carolina Volunteers, 12; 54th Massachusetts , 5, 19, 146; authorization for, in Emancipation Proclamation, 16; discrimination against, 19–20; enlistment of, 4–5; organization of, 99–100; performance in combat, 18; policy of universal suffrage for, 135; Port Hudson, Louisiana, and, 100, 126–28; promise of freedom for, 19–20; recruitment and enlistment of, 17–18; regiment formation, 58–59; as soldier-citizens, 76 Blythe, David Gilmour, 169, 170 Bolles, Jesse H., 109 Booth, John Wilkes, 82, 148 Boritt, Gabor, 149 Boston, Massachusetts, 11, 64 192 index Brady, Mathew B., 102–4, 108–11, 110, 113, 157 Bragg, Braxton, 81, 91, 98 Brooklyn Eagle, 3 Brooks, Noah, 162–63 Browning, Orville Hickman, 24, 85 Bucklin, Sophronia, 144 Buffalo, New York, 63 Bull Run, Virginia, 91, 109 Burlingame, Michael, 150 Burnside, Ambrose Everett: argument against Vallandigham’s writ of habeas corpus, 30–31; Army of the Potomac and, 91; failures of, 134–35; General Order No. 38, 28–29; “Mud March,” 93, 133; removed from command, 133; self-doubt of, 132–33; shortcomings of, 92, 124 Butler, Benjamin F., 65, 125 Calhoun, John C., 47 Camp Saxton, 12 canal project, 96 card photographs, 105 Carpenter, Francis Bicknell, 73 carte de visite (CDV) photographs, 104–8, 159 Champion Hill, Mississippi, 97 Chancellorsville, Virginia, 78, 94, 115, 133 Chardon, Charles, 171 Charleston, South Carolina, 43, 47–53, 117, 119–20 Charleston Daily Courier, 119 Charleston Harbor, 47, 120 Chase, Kate, 83 Chase, Salmon P., 83 Chattanooga, Tennessee, 98–99 Chicago, Illinois, 11 Chickamauga, Georgia, 81–82, 98, 131 Chickasaw Bayou, 127–28 civilian court system, military tribunals vs., 35, 38 Clark, Charles, 16 Cleburne, Patrick, 99 Colburn, Nellie, 74–75 Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, The, 150 Colored Orphan Asylum, 61 Columbia, Mississippi, 120 common law of war, Lieber Code and definition of, 38 Compromise of 1877, 70 Confederacy, 57, 109, 117, 125–26, 139 Confederate photographers, 109 Confederate prisoners, parole of, 128 Confederates, policy of universal amnesty for, 135 Conkling, James C., 146 conscription act: constitutionality upheld by courts, 69; Lincoln and, 57–58; opposition in state courts, 67; substitutes and waivers in, 80; violent resistance to, 59; working class people and, 19–20, 58, 59–60. See also New York City draft riots constitutional controversies, national security and, 28 Constitutional Union Party, 139 Cook, George S., 106–8, 116–20 Copperheads, defined, 40n. 16 Corning, Erastus, 33, 35 Croffut, William A., 109–11 Cumberland Army, 130 Curtis, Samuel, 124–25 Cushman, Charlotte, 82 Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mande, 105 daguerreotypes, 105 Dahlgren, John A., 50–54, 117–18 Davis, David, 82 Davis, Henry Winter, 51 Davis, Jefferson, 94, 125 “Dead...

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