When Freedom Would Triumph: The Civil Rights Struggle in Congress, 1954–1968

Index

307 Index Abernathy, Ralph, , ,  Abram, Morris,  Acheson, Dean, , , ,  Adams, Sherman,  Aiken, George, –, , , ,  AFL-CIO,  Alabama, , , ; Birmingham, , , , –, –, , –, ; Montgomery, , –, , , , , , , , –; Selma, xiii, , –, , –, – Alabama Journal,  Albert, Carl,  Allen, Ivan, ,  America,  American Bar Association, ,  Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), , , ,  Anderson, Clinton, , , –, , –, , ,  Anderson, Cy,  Anderson, Robert,  Andreas, Dwayne,  Area Redevelopment Administration,  Armed forces, , ,  Associated Press, ,  Atlanta Constitution, ,  Auerbach, Carl,  Austin, Luke,  Bailey, Weldon,  Baker, Bobby, –, , ,  Baker, Leonard,  Baker, Russell,  Baker, Wilson,  Barnett, Ross, , – Bartlett, Joe,  Bass, Ross, ,  Bayh, Birch, ,  Bell, Griffin (judge),  Bennett, Lerone, Jr.,  Bennett, Wallace,  Berlin, Germany,  Berman, Edgar, ,  Birdwell, Sherman,  Birmingham, Ala. See under Alabama Blacks: and economic opportunity, – ; indignities suffered in the South, , ; John Kennedy’s presidential race and, –, ; Johnson appointees, ; Kennedy appointees, –; riots and, –, . See also Civil rights movement; Jim Crow laws; Lynchings Bloch, Charles J.,  Boggs, Hale, ,  Boston Globe,  Boutwell, Albert,  Bradlee, Benjamin,  Brady, Tom (judge),  Bricker, John,  Brimmer, Andrew,  Broder, David,  Brown, Edmund,  Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, –, –; and Southern Manifesto, – INDEX 308 Brownell, Herbert, –, , –, –, , ,  Bryan, William Jennings, – Bryant, Carolyn,  Bryant, Nick, n, , – Bryant, Roy, – Burns, James MacGregor,  Busby, Horace,  Business Week,  Butler, Paul, –,  Byrd, Harry, , , ,  Byrd, Robert, , – Califano, Joseph, , – Cannon, Howard, ,  Carmichael, Stokely,  Carter, Jimmy, ,  Carter, Lisle,  Case, Francis, – Celler, Emanuel, –, –, , –, , –, , ,  Chavez, Dennis,  Chicago, Ill.,  Christian Century,  Church, Frank, , – Civil Rights Act of , ,  Civil Rights Act of , , , –, –, –, , , , –, , , , , , , –, , , , , , , , ; AndersonAiken -Case amendment, , ; enforcement of, by Kennedy administration, ; jury trial amendment to Part IV, –, ; passage of, in Senate, –; provisions of, –. See also under Johnson, Lyndon B. Civil Rights Act of , –, –, , , , , , , ,  Civil Rights Act of : black militants and, ; cloture and, –, , , –, , ; Dirksen and, , , , –, –, –, –; enforcement of, –; fair employment provisions, , , , , –, , , ; fallout for Democratic Party in South after passage of, –; filibuster of, –, –, –, –, –, –; jury trials amendment concerning, –, , –; legislative history of, –; passage of, , ; prayer groups and, –; “public accommodations” provision, , –, , , , ; reaction to, in South, –; signing of, , , ; Title VII, , ; voting rights provision, . See also under Johnson, Lyndon B. Civil Rights Act of ,  Civil rights bill of , – Civil Rights Commission. See U.S. Civil Rights Commission Civil Rights Leadership Conference, – Civil rights movement: Birmingham and, –; Freedom Riders and, –, ; Freedom Summer Project, ; riots and militancy, –; Selma and, , –, –, –; sit-ins, , , , , , ; start of, –, –. See also names of individual civil rights leaders Civil War,  Clark, James,  Clark, Joseph, , , –, , , , , –, , ,  Clark, Ramsay, ,  Clark, Tom C. (Supreme Court justice),  Clifford, Clark,  Cloture, –, –, , , , ; Civil Rights Act of  and, –, , , –, , ; on filibuster of, , , –; Voting Rights Act of  and,  Cloud, John, – Cohen, Ben,  Collins, LeRoy,  309 INDEX Commission on Civil Rights. See U.S. Civil Rights Commission Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity . See President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity Communism, , , , –, , , , , , , ,  Community Relations Service (U.S. Justice Department), , , , , ,  Confederacy, , ,  Congress. See U.S. Congress Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), , –, , ,  Congressional Quarterly, ,  Congressional Record, ,  Connally, John, ,  Connell, William,  Connor, Eugene “Bull,” –, ,  Constitution. See U.S. Constitution CORE. See Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Cox, William,  “Cross of Gold” speech, – Daily Express (London),  Daily Mirror (London),  Dallas News,  Darden, William “Buddy,” , – Davis, T. Hoyt (judge),  Democratic National Committee,  Democratic national conventions: of , ; of , ; of ,  Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. See U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Department of Housing and Urban Affairs . See U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Affairs Dillon, C. Douglas,  Dirksen, Everett, , ; civil rights legislation and, –, , –, , –, , , –, –; described, –; Voting Rights Act of  and, , –, , , ,  Dixiecrats. See States’ Rights party Dodd, Thomas, , , ,  Douglas, Paul, ; Civil Rights Act of  and, –, –, , , , –, , , , –, , , ; Civil Rights Act of  and, , ; Johnson and, , , –, , ; loses Senate seat,  Durr, Virginia, – Eastland, James, , , , , , –, , , –; Civil Rights Act of  and, ; Civil Rights Act of  and, , ; CORE attacked by, ; as defender of segregation, ; Voting Rights Act of  and, ,  Education, , , ; Little Rock and, –, –; segregated, –, , , , , , ; under Kennedy administration, –, –. See also Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Eisenhower, Dwight D., , , ; black support for, –; Civil Rights Act of  and, –, , –, , , –, –, ; Civil Rights Act of  and, , , , ; civil rights bill of  and, –; civil rights position of, –, –, ; Little Rock crisis and, –;  election results and, ; presidential races and, , , n,  Elections. See Primary elections Electoral College. See U.S. Electoral College Elijah Muhammad,  Ellender, Allen, , , , ,  Ellington, Buford, – Engle, Clair, , ,  Equal Employment Opportunity Commission . See U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Equal opportunity employment practices ,  INDEX 310 Ervin, Sam, , , , , , , , , , –; Civil Rights Act of  and, , –, ; Civil Rights Act of  and, ; Southern Manifesto and,  Evans, Rowland, , ,  Evers, Medgar,  Face the Nation, , , , , – Fairclough, Adam,  Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), , ,  Farmer, James, , , – Faubus, Orval, ,  Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation,  Federal Home Loan Bank Board,  Federal Housing Administration,  Filibuster, , –, , , , , , –, –, , , ; Civil Rights Act of  and, –, , ; Civil Rights Act of  and, –; Civil Rights Act of  and, –, –, –, , –, , , , –; Civil Rights Act of  and, ; Voting Rights...