Katie Gale: A Coast Salish Woman's Life on Oyster Bay

Notes

273 Notes 1. My Lodestone 1. Henry and Hattie were Katie’s children. A record of Henry’s death lists his mother as Katie George and his father as Ryalia Johns. I found nothing more about Ryalia Johns or this marriage. Hattie is called Hattie Kittle in court documents. Joseph Gale mentions both Henry and Hattie in his depositions. A strong, though brief, picture of Hattie emerges in the court documents for Katie and Joseph’s 1893 divorce filing. 2. I will use terms such as “Indian,” “indigenous,” or “Native” to refer to the descendants of First Nations peoples. Sometimes I will use one of these terms as the people I’m writing about use it. In some cases I’ll be quoting a text directly. I understand that each of these terms has its limitations and can be misleading. See Harmon, “Lines in Sand.” 2. First Salmon 1. Miller, Lushootseed Culture, 15. 2. Miller, Lushootseed Culture, 19. 3. Waterman, “Geographical Names,” 185. 4. Miller, Lushootseed Culture, 21. 5. Foster, Ross, and Henry, “Ethno-History of Mason County.” 6. Miller, Lushootseed Culture, 26, 27. 7. Smith, Puyallup-Nisqually, 32. 8. Miller, Lushootseed Culture, 26. 9. Jerry Meeker biographical notes, Special Collections, University of Washington Libraries, Seattle. Notes to pages 16–34 274 3. Where You Come From 1. Smith, Puyallup-Nisqually, 14. 2. United States v. Washington, 384 F.Supp. 312 (W.D. Wash. 1974). 4. Indian Policy during Katie Gale’s Time 1. See Beckham, Requiem for a People; and Prucha, American Indian Policy in Crisis. 2. Fritz, “Making of Grant’s ‘Peace Policy,’” 414. 3. See Mark, Stranger in Her Native Land; and Gay, With the Nez Perces. 4. Beck, Seeking Recognition. 5. Emerson and Smith, Divided by Faith. 6. In one of the interesting moments of Carlisle history, Geronimo and some other Indian leaders visited the school in 1905 on their way to Washington dc for Theodore Roosevelt’s second inauguration. Geronimo was asked to speak to the students and is quoted as saying, “You are here to study, to learn the ways of whitemen, do it well. You have a father here and a mother also. Your father is here, do as he tells you. Obey him as you would your own father. Although he is not your father he is a father to you now. . . . Do as you are told all the time and you won’t get hungry.” Recorded in the Carlisle Arrow, March 9, 1905, and quoted in Landis, “Carlisle Indian Industrial School History.” 5. Sometimes I See a Canoe 1. Howard, “Archaeological Site Survey of Southwestern Puget Sound.” 2. See Center for Columbia River History, http://www.ccrh.org/comm/cottage /primary/claim.htm, for the full text of the Donation Land Claim Act. The status of so-called half-breeds was in flux during this period. In 1857 a bill was introduced into the Oregon Territorial Legislature that would give citizenship rights to the children of white fathers and Indian mothers. The text of this bill can be found at Oregon State Archives, http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/echoes/ link22.html. The bill failed. 6. Oyster Bay 1. Morgan, Peter Puget On Puget’s Sound, 4–14; and Bell, Walker, and Meany, New Vancouver Journal. 2. Journal entry for May 1792 in Meany, Vancouver’s Discovery of Puget Sound, 107–8, quoted in McBride, “Viewpoints and Visions,” 22–23. 3. Foster, Ross, and Henry, “Ethno-History of Mason County.” Notes to pages 35–44 275 4. Genesis 1:28. 5. Richards, “Stevens Treaties.” 6. The Northern Pacific Railroad link between Chicago and Seattle was not completed until 1883. 7. Territorial laws enacted between 1873 and 1879, for example, were meant to encourage the cultivation of oysters and laid out the means by which a citizen could stake, claim, and acquire up to twenty acres of tideland for cultivation. These laws were also meant to protect natural beds. 8. The legal status of Indians of Western Washington, particularly nonreservation Indians, was regularly debated during the 1860s and 1870s. Their rights to file for homesteads, become citizens, and vote were widely discussed by lawmakers and officials with the Department of Interior, especially after the Civil War and the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The Indian Homestead Act, passed March 3, 1875, extended the benefits of the Homestead Act of 1862, making it possible for Indians to legitimately...