From Fort Marion to Fort Sill: A Documentary History of the Chiricahua Apache Prisoners of War, 1886-1913

Notes

281 Notes Personal names given in these notes in quotation marks and without a source reference, such as “Gooday (Talbot),” refer to individual biographies within the present work. Abbreviations cia Commissioner of Indian Affairs Co. I U.S. Army Company I, Twelfth Infantry Regiment gp Griswold Papers, Field Artillery and Fort Sill Museum huma Hampton University Museum Archives lah Lend a Hand, missionary report, Lend a Hand Society, Boston ma lod Alphabetical and Numerical List of Deceased, Field Artillery and Fort Sill Museum, Oklahoma, comp. Gillett Griswold lr Letters Received na U.S. National Archives naa National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution nara U.S. National Archives and Records Administration nmalhn New Mexico American Local History Network opl tmie Omaha Public Library, Trans Mississippi and International Exposition rca Reformed Church in America, Mescalero Reform Church rg Record Group rmhfs Records of Medical History of Fort Sill, 1873–1913, ed. Polly Lewis Murphy scpr San Carlos Post Records sw Southern Workman, missionary report Troop L U.S. Army Troop L, Seventh Cavalry TIH The Indian Helper, Carlisle Indian School TCA The Carlisle Arrow, Carlisle Indian School TRM The Red Man, Carlisle Indian School trmh The Red Man and Helper, Carlisle Indian School tyc Youth’s Companion 282 | notes to pages xxi–xxv Site Visits Carlisle Indian Cemetery at Carlisle Indian Industrial School, Carlisle pa, June 1990 Chihuahua Cemetery, Fort Sill ok, 1991 Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (now Hampton University), Hampton va, 1990 Fort Barrancas, Pensacola fl, April 1999 Fort Marion, St. Augustine fl, April 1999 Fort Pickens, Santa Rosa Island fl, April 1999 Mobile National Cemetery al, April 1999 Mount Vernon al (now Searcy Hospital), April 1999 Introduction 1. For a detailed study of Apache Athabascan origins see Perry, Western Apache Heritage. 2. Following recent usage by other scholars, I have used “Chiricahua” here and elsewhere to cover collectively the various Chiricahua-speaking groups eventually represented at Fort Sill. It is unsatisfactory, but there seems to be no other suitable collective term. “Chiricahua/Warm Springs” perhaps comes closest, but even that does not acknowledge the other band elements in the community. 3. Although focusing on Western rather than Chiricahua Apaches, an illuminating study of Apache attitudes to place is Basso, Wisdom Sits in Places. 4. Opler, Apache Life-Way, 117; Whitetail community, Mescalero, pers. comm., 2000. 5. Opler, Apache Life-Way, 200–16; narrative of A. P. K. Safford, in Miller, The Arizona Story, 60. 6. Opler, Apache Life-Way, 316–32, 354–65, 372–75; Barrett, Geronimo’s Story of His Life, 20–21. 7. Opler, Apache Life-Way, 134–39, 332–36. 8. Sweeney, From Cochise to Geronimo, 575; and see, for example “Gokliz (Frederick)”—San Carlos Apache; “Coshey”—White Mountain Apache; “Yuzos (Allen)”—Navajo. 9. Barrett, Geronimo’s Story of His Life, 12–15; Betzinez, I Fought with Geronimo , 2, 4, 14–15; John Gregory Bourke, Diary, October 3, 1885, U.S. Military Academy Archives, West Point ny (hereafter cited as Bourke, Diary). 10. Examples in the period under consideration might include the Bedonkohes , the Mimbreños, and the Nednai after the deaths of Mahko, Mangas Coloradas, and Juh, respectively. 11. Opler, Apache Life-Way, 162–64, 58–59. notes to pages xxv–xxix | 283 12. For example, the woman named Dexterous Horse Thief, in Cremony, Life among the Apaches, 142, 243; Cochise’s sister, in Sweeney, ed., Making Peace, 64; Nahthletla, in Betzinez, I Fought with Geronimo, 19–24; Chizodle -netln (“Chishodlnetln”), in Shapard, Chief Loco, 196–97. 13. Skinner, The Apache Rock Crumbles, 387; Debo, Geronimo, 275; Byars, ed., “Gatewood Reports to His Wife,” 78–80. 14. Lest anyone think this comment is unduly harsh: a postcard reproducing photographs by A. F. Randall of Tzele with Tzistohn, Nana, and Naiche with Haozinne, was actually captioned: “Former Obstructions in the Path of Arizona’s Progress.” Sharlot Hall Museum American Indian Image Collection , digital identifier ina185pb, www.sharlot.org/img/detail_htmls/ 204ina185pb.html. 15. James Kirker and John Johnson were notable instances. Sweeney, Mangas Coloradas, 134–36, 474n; 71–72, 480n. 16. Sweeney, Mangas Coloradas, 399–406. 17. Better known to history as Mickey Free. See Radbourne, Mickey Free, for an excellent biography. 18. For a thorough exposition of the Bascom Affair, see Sweeney, Cochise, 142– 65. 19. In 1869 Cochise reportedly told Capt. Frank W. Perry, “I have not one hundred Indians now. Ten years ago I had 1000.” Sweeney, Cochise, 124; Arizona Miner, March...