Men in Eden: William Drummond Stewart and Same-Sex Desire in the Rocky Mountain Fur Trade

Notes

305 Notes Introduction 1. Ron Tyler to William Johnston, February 28, 1980, William Johnston Research Files, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore md. 2. Bernard DeVoto, Across the Wide Missouri (1947; repr., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998), xiv. 3. Marshall Sprague, A Gallery of Dudes (Boston: Little, Brown, 1967), 32. 4. Claude Courouve, Les assemblées de la manchette: Documents sur l’amour masculin au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Courouve, 1987), 17. For examples of community building before the coining of the word homosexual, see, among others, Judy Grahn, Another Mother Tongue: Gay Words, Gay Worlds (Boston: Beacon, 1984); Jonathan Ned Katz, Love Stories: Sex between Men Before Stonewall (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001); Christian, Graf von Krockow, Die Preußischen Brüder, Prinz Heinrich und Friedrich der Große: Ein Doppelportrait (Stuttgart: Deutsche VerlagsAnstalt , 1996); Thomas A. Foster, ed., Long Before Stonewall: Histories of Same-Sex Sexuality in Early America (New York: New York University Press, 2007); Clare Lyons, “Mapping an Atlantic Sexual Culture: Homoeroticism in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia,” William and Mary Quarterly 60, no. 1 (July–September 2003): 119–54; Jeffrey Merrick, “Sodomitical Inclinations in Early Eighteenth-Century Paris,” Eighteenth-Century Studies 30, no. 3 (1997): 289–95; Rictor Norton, Mother Clap’s Molly House: The Gay Subculture in England, 1700–1830 (London: gmp, 1992); Kent Gerard and Gert Hekma, eds., The Pursuit of Sodomy: Male Homosexuality in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe (Binghamton ny: Harrington Park, 1989); Michel Rey, “Parisian Homosexuals Create a Lifestyle, 1700–1750: The Police Archives,” in “Unauthorized Sexual Behavior during the Enlightenment,” ed. Robert P. Maccubbin, special issue, Eighteenth Century Life, n.s., 9, no. 3 (May 1985): 179–91; Simon Richter, “Winckelmann’s Progeny: Homosocial Networking in the Eighteenth Century,” in Outing Goethe and His Age, ed. Alice A. Kuzniar (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), 33–36; Randolph Trumbach, “Sex, Gender, and Sexual Identity in Modern Culture: Male Sodomy and Female Prostitution in Enlightenment London,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 2, no. 2 (1991): 186–203; Charles Upchurch, Before Wilde: Sex between Men in Britain’s Age of Reform (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009). 306 5. Alfred Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy, and Clyde E. Martin, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1948), 638–47. 6. 100 Years of Marriage and Divorce Statistics, United States, 1867–1967 (Rockville md: Health Resources Administration, National Center for Health Statistics, 1973), 4. The most concise analysis of this phenomenon can be found in Michael R. Haines, Long Term Marriage Patterns in the United States from Colonial Times to the Present (Cambridge ma: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996). Chevalier Félix de Beaujour, Sketch of the United States of America, at the Commencement of the Nineteenth Century, from 1800 to 1810 (London: J. Booth, 1814), 74. 7. Arthur W. Calhoun, A Social History of the American Family, vol. 1, Colonial Period (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1917), 52; William Benemann, Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships (New York: Harrington Park, 2006), 14; Haines, Long Term Marriage Patterns, 3, [26]. 8. Richard J. Fehrman, “The Mountain Men — A Statistical View,” in The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West, ed. LeRoy R. Hafen (Glendale ca: A. H. Clark, 1972), 10:16. William R. Swagerty later built on Fehrman’s study, adding twenty more men to the statistical analysis. Swagerty’s study lowers the percentage of lifelong bachelors, but since his figures extend further into the 1840s and 1850s than Fehrman’s it may be that as the fur trade faded and the Rockies became more populated, the attraction for homosexual men lessened. William R. Swagerty, “Marriage and Settlement Patterns of Rocky Mountain Trappers and Traders,” Western Historical Quarterly 11, no. 2 (April 1980). 9. See also Michael Lansing, “Plains Indian Women and Interracial Marriage in the Upper Missouri Trade, 1804–1868,” Western Historical Quarterly 31, no. 4 (Winter 2000): 413–33; Bruce M. White, “The Woman Who Married a Beaver: Trade Patterns and Gender Roles in the Ojibwa Fur Trade,” Ethnohistory 46, no. 1 (Winter 1999): 109–47. Many men retired from the trade and settled into more populous areas where white women were available, or married Mexican women in the West. Chapter 1 1. Friedrich Armand Strubberg, Amerikanische Jagd-und Reisenabenteuer (Stuttgart : Cotta, 1858), 335. All translations from German into English are by Kevin Jewell. 2. Strubberg, Amerikanische Jagd-und Reisenabenteuer, 336. 3. Strubberg, Amerikanische Jagd-und Reisenabenteuer, 338–39. 4. Strubberg, Amerikanische Jagd-und Reisenabenteuer, 336–37...