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i n d e x Abdul-Nasr, Hamid, 80, 85 Abu Ghazala, Mohamed Abdel Halim, 19, 73, 80, 81, 87, 172n98 Adalet Partisi, 105 Adalet ve Kalkinma (AK; Justice and Development ) Partisi, 11, 93, 104, 127–32, 139, 181n112, 182n9 Addi, Lahouri, 60 Agaoğlu, Mustafa, 130 Ahmad, Feroz, 102 Ahmed, Hocine Aït, 57 AIS. See Armée Islamique du Salut AK. See Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi Algeria: authoritarian reality, 38–41; civil-military relations, 33, 58, 141, 155n2; civil society, 7, 143, 162n102; comparison to Egypt and Turkey, 8–13; corruption, 44–45, 52, 55, 159n55; democratic facade, 27, 34–38, 39, 41–43, 45, 49, 59; economic policies, 20–21, 44–45, 143, 158n44; foreign policy, 46–47, 52; general strike (1991), 47, 50, 54, 55; informal institutions, 39–40, 58; judicial system, 34–35, 38; nationalist narrative, 28, 29–30, 48, 51–54; national reconciliation, 24; political institutions, 34–38; political parties, 27, 39, 135; political prisoners, 45–46; political reforms, 27, 42, 43, 60; presidential powers, 35, 39, 56, 59, 157n33; prime ministers, 41–42, 55, 59–60; recent political opposition, 59–60; relations with Morocco, 23–24, 47, 61, 159n59; riots (1988), 27, 37, 42, 46, 55, 161n82; security policy, 23, 24; stability of regime, 61–62; state and political apparatus, 48–51; war of independence, 12, 29, 53, 161n85. See also National Popular Assembly Algerian constitutions: of 1963, 33, 34–35; of 1976, 35–36, 38, 40, 45; of 1989, 37–38, 39, 43, 45, 49, 57–58; of 1996, 59, 163n108; amendments (1979), 41–42 Algerian elections: cancelled by military, 3, 7, 17, 32, 56–59, 162n102; legislative, 34, 36, 49, 54–57; local, 49, 53, 55; presidential, 40–41, 60, 163– 64n114 Algerian military: cancellation of 1992 election, 3, 7, 17, 32, 56–59, 162n102; civilian control, 33; clans, 16–17; conflict with Islamic militants, 6, 24, 30, 32, 43, 46, 47, 49–51, 53–54; coup, 30; economic interests, 20–21, 45; foreign policy interests, 23–24, 47; founding of government, 9; interests, 16; just mean policy, 32, 43, 154n34; and nationalist narrative, 28, 29–30, 53-54, 154– 55n39; political role, 33–34, 38, 61; political system created by, 15, 27, 157n25; presidents ousted by, 16, 17, 23, 30, 33, 36, 40, 57; regime maintenance , 56–59, 62, 135; relations with presidents, 40, 41, 56, 60–61; role in war of independence, 29, 161n85; security interests, 23, 24, 50; selection of presidents, 33, 39, 40–41, 157n27 ALN. See Armée de Libération Nationale Amer, Abdel Hakim, 19, 63, 67 Amnesty International, 72 Anavatan Partisi (Motherland Party), 93, 104, 105, 154n36 Anglo-Egyptian Agreement, 22, 29, 85 ANP (Armée Nationale Populaire). See Algerian military APCs. See Assemblées Populaires Communales APWs. See Assemblées Populaires de Wilaya Arab nationalism, 46, 53 184 Index Arab Socialist Union, 18, 69 Argentina, 7, 140, 141 Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN), 23, 33 Armée Islamique du Salut (AIS), 17, 24, 60 Armée Nationale Populaire (ANP). See Algerian military Asad, Bashar al-, 144 Asad, Hafez al-, 114 Asiltürk, Oguzhan, 121 Assemblée Nationale Populaire. See National Popular Assembly Assemblées Populaires Communales (APCs), 35 Assemblées Populaires de Wilaya (APWs), 35 Association of Algerian Ulema, 48 Atatürk. See Kemal, Mustafa authoritarian regimes: in Algeria, 38–41; in Egypt, 69–75; informal institutions, 133–34; need for co-optation, 42, 76; potential for change, 148; rule by law, 133; stability, 1–2, 135–36; in Turkey, 99–105; weakening, 138–40, 148. See also democratic facades Barkey, Henri J., 115 Belhadj, Ali, 11, 43, 45–46, 47, 48, 50, 53, 55 Belkheir, Larbi, 40, 58, 61 Ben Bella, Ahmed, 23, 30, 33, 34, 36, 39, 155n2 Benflis, Ali, 59 Benjedid, Chadli: corruption allegations, 55; deal with FIS, 54–55, 56; economic policies, 20, 44, 45, 158n44, 158–59n46; Enhanced National Charter, 36–37; FIS demands on, 49, 50; foreign policy, 23–24; military career, 39; ouster from presidency, 16, 17, 40, 57; relations with military, 40, 56; selection as president, 33, 39, 40 Berber Spring of 1980 (Algeria), 30 Bilal, Mohamed Ali, 87 Bouhara, Abderrezak, 33 Boumédienne, Houari: death, 33, 40; e√orts to coopt Islamists, 35; founding of government, 5, 9, 33; nationalist narrative, 29, 30; as president, 39, 40, 42, 157n33 Bouteflika, Abdelaziz, 24, 40–41, 59–61, 157n27, 163–64n114 Brahimi, Abdelhamid, 55, 159n55 Brazil, 141 Britain, 10, 22, 29...

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