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Index Academic Karelia Society, 45, 166, 173, 285 n. 30 Accomodative measures against extremism, 22, 24, 49, 53, 56, 63, 66, 67, 107, 140, 174, 203, 207, 213–14, 218–20, 234, 242. See also ‘‘Incorporation’’ strategies ‘‘Accord de Lophem’’ (Belgium), 217 Action Catholique de la Jeunesse Belge (ACJB; Catholic Action of Belgian Youth), 113, 120 Actor-based approaches, 222, 228, 231, 292 n. 2 ‘‘Adenauer decree,’’ 50 ‘‘A√aire Martens,’’ 115, 278 n. 4 Agrarian Union (Finland). See Finnish Agrarians Aktivisti (Finland), 164, 169, 270 n. 21 Albania, 265, n. 3; lustration laws in, 271 n. 6 Albert I (King of Belgium), 125, 244, 291 n. 40 Algemeene Bankvereeniging, scandal of, 111 Algeria, crisis of 1990s in, 6, 233, 295 n. 24 Alternative organizations, creation of (to contain extremism), 64, 66, 93, 129, 149, 160, 169, 210 Anti-Communist legislation in the U.S., 34, 234, 272 n. 14 Anti-democratic political actors, 6, 7, 9, 27, 33, 37–40, 60, 71, 78, 105, 107, 116, 135, 139, 195– 96, 207, 215–16, 219, 235, 237, 245, 265 n. 5, 268 n. 9, 269 n. 15, 291 n. 43. See also Antisystem parties Anti-extremist legislation (AEL), 22, 56–63, 204–5, 208–9, 211, 213–16, 218, 226, 233, 239– 41, 273 n. 16 —in Belgium, 129, 132–33, 204–6, 218, 264; on freedom of assembly, 281 n. 23; on freedom of political participation, 131–32; on parties and associations, 132–33; on propaganda, 129, 132–33; on public order, 129, 133; on state of emergency, 129 —in Czechoslovakia, 79, 90, 92–98, 203–5, 209, 226, 256–61; on freedom of the press, 276 n. 26; on parties and associations, 83, 85, 92– 94, 182–83, 213, 268 n. 14; on propaganda, 59, 91, 96–98, 277 n. 27; on public order, 92, 95– 96; on state of emergency, 92, 94, 96–97, 106 —in Finland, 143, 152–55, 160–63, 167–69, 173– 76, 203–5, 226, 261–64, 284 n. 21; antiCommunist bills, 156–59, 163, 168; ‘‘Blouse Law,’’ 173; on freedom of association, 284 n. 25; on freedom of speech, 285 n. 25; on freedom of the press, 283 n. 19, 285 n. 25; on parties and associations, 149–51, 156, 160, 162, 173–74, 218; on propaganda, 149, 160, 169; on public order, 149, 160, 162, 169; on state of emergency, 149, 160, 162, 169, 284 n. 24 —in Germany, 204–8, 290 n. 32; emergency decrees, 291 n. 44 (see also presidential decrees in Weimar); on parties and association , 273 n. 17, 290 n. 33; on state of emergency , 206–7 —in Italy, 204–5; on state of siege, 196–97 Anti-system parties, 4–6, 9–17, 19–21, 24–25, 27–37, 45–46, 56, 60, 64–67, 71, 81, 95, 103, 108, 122, 124, 136, 138, 176, 179–80, 193, 206, 210, 214–16, 218–20, 234–38, 266 nn. 6, 9, 267 n. 3, 268 nn. 6, 7, 269 n. 15, 273 n. 18, 291 n. 43 Appeals to the public (against extremists), 64, 91, 93, 102, 107, 123, 128–31, 135, 137, 149, 160, 162, 169, 194–95, 210–11, 213, 291 n. 43 Auen, Lodgman von, 39, 274 n. 9 Austria: interwar, 6–8; Anschluss of, 81, 89, 103; Ban of Nazi party in, 94; ‘‘Law on the Protection of the State’’ in, 240; Nazis in, 39. See also Austrian Freedom Party; Heimwehr 326 Index Austrian Freedom Party (Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs; FPÖ), 238, 296 n. 25 Austro Hungarian Empire, 71; law on associations of, 94 Badoglio, Pietro, 196 Balilla (Italy), 45 Balkenende, Jan Peter, 295 n. 24 Banque du Travail, scandal of, 111 Batasuna Party (Spain), ban of, 233 Bayerische Volkspartei (BVP; Bavarian People’s Party; Germany), 187, 192, 199, 286 n. 4 Belgian Catholic Church, 118, 125, 136, 279 n. 11, 280 n. 16 Belgian Communist Party (Parti Communiste de Belgique/Communistische Partij van België; PBC), 36, 40, 108, 112, 115–16, 122, 126, 248, 291 n. 42 Beneš, Edvard, 38, 72, 81, 83–84, 86–88, 90–91, 100–106, 188, 195, 210, 231, 243, 249, 251, 276 n. 21, 278 nn. 35, 37, 291 n. 42, 296 n. 31 Beran, Rudolf, 83, 84, 87–90, 275 n. 11 Berufsverbot (Germany), 50. See also Radicals decree Beyme, Klaus von, 32, 51, 172, 267 n. 14, 271 n. 3 Blocher, (Christoph), 245 Bohemia, annexation of, 106 Bonomi, Ivanoe, 189, 287 n. 12 ‘‘Border parties...

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