Creating the American Junkie: Addiction Research in the Classic Era of Narcotic Control

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⡢⡡⡢ ⡠⡣⡠ Notes Abbreviations ANR Alfred Newton Richards Papers, Archives of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia DP Joseph C. Doane Papers, College of Physicians of Philadelphia, Philadelphia KP Lawrence Kolb Papers, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md. LFS Lyndon F. Small Papers, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md. NA National Archives and Records Administration, Public Health Service Records, Record Group 90, National Archives, Washington, D.C. NRC National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council Archives, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., Division of Medical Sciences, Committee on Drug Addiction Record Group PCCSOA Records of the Philadelphia Committee for Clinical Study of Opium Addiction, Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, Philadelphia RAC Rockefeller Archive Center, Tarrytown, N.Y. Introduction 1. George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994). 2. Norman E. Zinberg, Drug, Set, and Setting: The Basis for Controlled Intoxicant Use (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984); Craig Reinarman and Harry G. Levine, “Crack in Context: America’s Latest Demon Drug,” in Crack in Amer- ica: Demon Drugs and Social Justice, ed. Craig Reinarman and Harry G. Levine (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 1–17. 3. John P. Morgan and Doreen Kagan, “The Dusting of America: The Image of Phencyclidine (PCP) in the Popular Media,” in PCP: Problems and Prevention , ed. David E. Smith, Donald Wesson, Millicent Buxton, Richard Seymour, Stephanie Ross, Marsha Bishop and E. Leif Zerkin (San Francisco: Haight Ashbury Publications, 1982), 11–20. 4. David T. Courtwright, “Introduction: The Classic Era of Narcotic Control,” in Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923– 1965, ed. id., Herman Joseph, and Don Des Jarlais (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989), 1–44. 5. Patricia J. Morningstar and Dale D. Chitwood, “How Women and Men Get Cocaine: Sex-Role Stereotypes and Acquisition Patterns,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 19 (1987): 135–42. 6. Edward M. Brecher, Licit and Illicit Drugs (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972); Arnold Trebach, The Heroin Solution (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982); Thomas Szasz, Ceremonial Chemistry: The Ritual Persecution of Drugs, Addicts, and Pushers (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press, 1974). 7. David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982). 8. Joseph Spillane, Cocaine: From Medical Marvel to Modern Menace in the United States, 1884–1920 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000). 9. Courtwright, Dark Paradise. 10. For an account of two Baltimore men—one African American and one white—who became opiate addicts in the years following World War II, see Jill Jonnes, Hep-Cats, Narcs, and Pipe Dreams: A History of America’s Romance with Illegal Drugs (New York: Scribner, 1996), 240–51. 11. Harvey B. Milkman and Stanley G. Sunderwirth, Craving for Ecstasy: The Consciousness and Chemistry of Escape (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1987). 12. Richard B. Seymour and David E. Smith, The Haight Ashbury Free Medical Clinics: Still Free after All These Years, 1967–1987 (San Francisco: Partisan Press, 1986). 13. Caroline Jean Acker, “Stigma or Legitimation? A Historical Examination of the Social Potentials of Addiction Disease Models,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 25, no. 3 (1993): 193–205. 232 Notes to Pages 6–9 Chapter 1. Heroin Addiction and Urban Vice Reform 1. PCCSOA, vol. 4, case 26–44. Patients’ names have been changed. 2. David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), 30–35. 3. Pearce Bailey, “The Heroin Habit,” New Republic 6 (Apr. 22, 1916): 314–6, reprinted in Yesterday’s Addicts: American Society and Drug Abuse 1865–1920, ed. H. Wayne Morgan (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1974), 171–76. 4. Musto, American Disease, 54–68. 5. William L. White, Slaying the Dragon: The History of Addiction Treatment and Recovery in America (Bloomington, Ill.: Chestnut Hill Systems, 1998), 115, 117. 6. Edward M. Brecher, Licit and Illicit Drugs (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972); Arnold Trebach, The Heroin Solution (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982); and Thomas Szasz Ceremonial Chemistry: The Ritual Persecution of Drugs, Addicts , and Pushers (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press, 1974). 7. David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America before 1940 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982). 8. On the anti-tobacco movement, see Cassandra Tate, Cigarette Wars: The Triumph of “The Little White Slaver” (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). 9. Ruth Rosen makes a similar...