Between Two Motherlands: Nationality and Emigration among the Greeks of Bulgaria, 1900–1949

Index

Index Aegean Macedonia, 81, 96, 98, 100, 104n105, 114, 142, 251, 253 Agrarian National Union, Bulgarian, 169 Aheloı̆ (formerly Tsimos), 151 Ahtopol/Agathoupolis, 100, 101–2, 104, 136 Ak Bunar (today General Inzovo), 43, 72 Alexander the Great, ix, 28 Alexandroupolis (formerly Dedeagach), 93, 95, 96, 97, 162 Altânov, Ivan, 227 Anchialos Makedonias, 164 Anhialo/Anchialos (Pomorie) anti-Greek movement (1906), destruction during, 36, 44–48, 45, 49, 72, 202, 236 assimilation efforts in Bulgarian residents’ response to, 68, 69 language restrictions, 193–94 local administration, exclusion of Greek Bulgarians from, 66 Patriarchist bishopric, Bulgarian abolition of, 64 property rights of Greek emigrants, 67 reversals of, 75 Bulgarization in 1930s, 209–10 Greek Bulgarian emigrants from 1906, 49–50, 51, 201–3 under Convention of 1919, 132, 138, 151, 162, 164 Greek Bulgarians remaining in, after 1925, 171, 175, 177, 180, 183, 205, 206 Greek census of Greek communities (1919), 124 Greek patriotism stirred by destruction of, 55–56 in historical narratives, 228, 232, 236, 239–41, 243 late 19th century Greek community in, 25, 26, 27 mixed marriages in, 177 Ottoman Empire, Bulgarian refugees from, 173, 174 Patriarchist bishopric, 64, 110 proposals to rename, 44, 206–7 WWII and its aftermath, 255–56 anthropology of suffering, 159 anti-Greek movement (1906) and its consequences , 35–75 Anhialo/Anchialos, destruction of, 36, 44–48, 45, 49, 72, 202, 236 assimilation of Greek Bulgarians government efforts at, 61–68 Hellenization of Bulgarians as side effect of, 74 response of Bulgarian residents to, 68–73 reversals of, 75 Bâlgarski rodoliubets, 41, 42, 44–47, 68, 69, 71 Bulgarian refugees from Macedonia as instigators of, 36, 41 communal property, rules for liquidation of, 223–24 Page numbers in italics indicate illustrative material. 282 | Index emigrant/refugee Greek Bulgarians citizenship issues, 60 disillusionment with life in Greece, 35–36, 53–55, 57–59 eventual Greek resentment of, 57, 59 flight, reception, and resettlement in Greece, 48–55, 52 home and homeland, tension between, 55–61 returning to Bulgaria, 52, 53, 54–55, 60–61 government, media, and popular responses to violence of, 44, 46–48 Macedonia situation and, 36, 39–41, 44, 46–48, 50 minoritization and nationalization of Bulgarian Greeks by, 37–39 national consolidation in Bulgaria affected by, 73–74 origins and spread of, 41–44 religious tensions at heart of, 40–41 template for future events created by, 73–74 Varna, resistance to appointment of Patriarchate bishop of, 40–41, 42 anti-Greek movement (1913), 90–92 Apostolidis, Mirtilos, 211, 217–19, 231, 233–35, 237, 244, 249 April Uprising (1876), 22 Archeion tou Thrakikou glossikou kai laographikou thisavrou, 231–32 army service. See military service Asen (Bulgarian king), 43, 207 Asenovgrad. See Stanimaka/Stenimachos assimilation efforts after anti-Greek movement . See under anti-Greek movement (1906) and its consequences Austro-Hungarian compromise (1867), 22 authoritarian regimes and minority rights (1931-1941), 193–216 détente of mid-1930s, 245–48 financial obligations related to mass emigrations , sorting out, 196–99 Greek Bulgarian emigrants to Greece affected by, 195–96, 199–203 Greeks remaining in Bulgaria, 193–96 classified as undesirable/deported, 211–14 as invisible minority, 203–10 withdrawers of declarations to emigrate, 212–13 limited ability of individuals to counteract, 214–16 Axis Alliance, 250, 251 Balchik, 41, 250 Bâlgarski rodoliubets, 41, 42, 44–47, 68, 69, 71 Balkan League, 82–85 Balkans border shifts (1912-1918) in. See border shifts and national homogenization efforts Central and Western European national development compared, 8–14 comprehensive minority rights, call for, 196 ethnic diversity of, 4 modern upheavals in, ix–x, 5 nationalism in early 20th century, 3–4 reciprocal emigration proposal, 126 violent exceptionalism rhetoric, challenging , 4–6 Bania, 151, 181, 182 Batakliev, Ivan, 227 Berlin Treaty (1878), 23, 24, 25, 47, 63, 112 Biala/Aspros, 124, 138, 152, 179, 181, 184, 185 Black Sea area. See also specific towns anti-Greek movement (1906) in, 41 assimilation efforts in, 66, 67, 69 Bulgarian refugees settled in, 173–74 Greek community in late 19th century, 20, 25, 28, 29 historical accounts of, 227–28, 232 WWII and its aftermath in, 251 border shifts and national homogenization efforts (1912-1918), 77–116 Balkan League alliance and lifting of restrictions on Greek Bulgarians, 82–85 continuing fluidity of identity despite, 79–80 discernment of national identity, continuing problems with, 115–16 Eastern Rumelia, proposals regarding, 110–12 education affected by, 78, 84, 86, 88–89, 92, 105, 108, 111, 112...