An Outsider in the White House: Jimmy Carter, His Advisors, and the Making of American Foreign Policy

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301 Notes Abbreviations in Endnotes BB Briefing Book (Found in the U.S.-USSR Conference File) at the Jimmy Carter Library CPP Carter Presidency Project at the Jimmy Carter Library CR Congressional Record DSB U.S. Department of State Bulletin FF Facts on File Gallup The Gallup Public Opinion Poll JCL Jimmy Carter Library NSC National Security Council NYT New York Times PD Presidential Directive PP Public Papers of the Presidents PRC Presidential Review Committee PRM Presidential Review Memorandum SCC Special Coordinating Committee SFRC Senate Foreign Relations Committee WP Washington Post WR Weekly Reports (of Brzezinski) VF Vertical files in the Manuscript Collections at the Jimmy Carter Library YUL Yale University Library ZB Don Zbigniew Brzezinski papers donated to the Jimmy Carter Library INTRODUCTION 1. Ole Holsti and James Rosenau,“The Domestic and Foreign Policy Beliefs of American Leaders,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 32, no. 2 (1988): 248–94. 2. Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1964). 3. Kenneth Kitts and Betty Glad,“Presidential Personality and Improvisational DecisionMaking : Eisenhower and the 1956 Hungarian Crisis,”in Reexamining the Eisenhower Presidency, ed. Shirley Anne Warshaw (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993), 182–208. 4. After Carter, even that stalwart Cold Warrior Ronald Reagan countered opposition within his own party to his decision to sign the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Agreement with Mikhail Gorbachev. Richard Perle, an adamant critic of Carter’s SALT II operations ,even quit the Reagan administration to testify against the INF treaty in a Congressional Hearing. 302 NOTES TO PAGES 3–8 5. Jimmy Carter, Negotiation: The Alternative to Hostility (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1984). CHAPTER 1. HIGH EXPECTATIONS 1. Television ad: Described by Witcover in Betty Glad, Jimmy Carter, 357. 2. Carter in polls: Gallup vol. 1 (1972–75): 577–78. 3. Contrasts with Nixon: Glad, Jimmy Carter, 314–15, 354; Jimmy Carter, Why Not the Best?,155–56;RobertJ.Kaiser,“Ex-AidetoNixonAdvisingCarteronExecutiveReorganization,” WP, November 30, 1976. 4. No anonymous aides: Glad, Jimmy Carter, 411; Jimmy Carter, “Fireside Chat,” Congressional Quarterly: The Presidency, 68A–71A, 1977. 5. No chief of staff: Glad, Jimmy Carter, 411; Hamilton Jordan on CBS’s Face the Nation, November 1977. 6. Appointments based on merit: Glad, Jimmy Carter, 414–16. 7. Distinction from earlier inaugurals: Glad, Jimmy Carter, 409–10; Warren Brown, “8 Cabinet Officers, 4 Others Sworn in With Little Pomp,” WP, January 24, 1977, A2;“Carter: I Look Forward to the Job,” Time, January 3, 1977. Average citizens invited to the White House: Newsweek, March 1, 1977. 8. The wheel metaphor: Jody Powell, quoted in James Wooten, “Free Access by Staff to Carter is Planned,” NYT, January 15, 1977. For discussion of the three possible advisory forms see: Richard Tanner Johnson, Managing the White House: An Intimate Study of the Presidency, 1–8, 234, 238. 9. Carter couldn’t live up to promises: Gary Trudeau, Doonesbury, in Newsweek, March 1, 1977. 10. Talent Bank 77 questionnaires: Dom Bonafede,“Carter Sounds Retreat from ‘Cabinet Government,’” National Journal, November 18, 1978, 1852–57. Glad, Jimmy Carter, 416. 11. Washington insiders: Hugh Sidey, “Grafting Job: Old Body, New Head,” Time, January 17, 1977, 13. For an overview of the cabinet government, see Shirley Anne Warshaw, Powersharing. 12. New Attorney General Griffin Bell was a member of the Atlanta law firm to which Carter’s advisor Charles Kirbo also belonged. Philip Klutznick, a prominent Atlanta attorney, would join the cabinet as secretary of commerce in 1979. Bert Lance, president of the Georgia Bank of Commerce, had been a financial supporter of Carter since his first campaign for governor in 1966. James McIntyre, who would replace Lance as head of the Office of Management and Budget when he resigned in September 1977, had served Carter as director of the Georgia Office of Planning and Budget. Glad, Jimmy Carter, 102, 414. 13. White House politicos: Glad, Jimmy Carter, 102, 414. Carter appointments: “Carter Uses New Screening Procedures,” Congressional Quarterly: The Presidency, 1977, 39–52. 14. Youth and inexperience: Jordan had been Governor Carter’s chief of staff and presidential campaign manager.Press Secretary Powell had been his campaign press secretary and congressional liaison.Moore had served as Carter’s chief of staff when he was governor and as his congressional liaison during the campaign. Robert Lipshutz, an established Atlanta attorney who had been Carter’s financial campaign manager in 1976,was named legal counsel to the president.Eizenstat, a Harvard graduate,had been a speechwriter and researcher for...