Two Paths to Equality: Alice Paul and Ethel M. Smith in the ERA Debate, 1921-1929

Index

163 Index A Abbott, Edith 105 Abbott, Grace 104 Addams, Jane 14, 47 Adkins, Jesse 10, 28, 85–86 Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923) 96, 102– 104; protects freedom of contract 103; Ethel Smith’s reaction 104–106; impact on women’s wages in D.C. 105–106; Alice Paul’s reaction 106 American Academy of the Political and Social Sciences 46 American Federation of Labor (AFL) 2: exclusionary policies 73–75; relationship with National Federation of Federal Employees 20; relationship with Women’s Trade Union League 73–75; support for women’s minimum wage 86 American Medical Association (AMA) 66 Anderson, Mary 76, 79–81, 104; relationship to Ethel Smith 89 Andrews, John 105 Anthony, Daniel 71, 106 Anthony, Susan B. 56, 69, 71 Asquith, Herbert 40–42 B Biography as a tool 1, 5–7, 11, 108 Belmont, Alva 61, 63–64, 90, 98 Beyer, Clara 28, 87 Brandeis, Elizabeth 28, 87 bridging the women’s andlabor movements 2, 25, 29, 75–76, 85, 108 Bureau of Ef¤ciency 83–84 C Cannington Settlement 35 Carroll, Mollie Ray 105 Catt, Carrie Chapman 7–8, 17, 19–20, 51 Charity Organization Society 34–35, 37–38, 41 Child Labor Amendment 88–89 Children’s Bureau 15 Christman, Elizabeth 63 Churchill, Winston 42 Civil Service Commission 80, 83–85; on reclassi ¤cation of salaries 81–85 Classi¤cation Act 84–85 Congressional appropriations 27–28, 80–81, 87–88 Coolidge, Calvin 70, 85 Cott, Nancy 10 Curtis, Charles 71, 98, 106 D Declaration of Sentiments 67 Dennett, Mary Ware 50–51, 112 Dewson, Molly 112 E Equal Rights 69, 106 164 Index Equal Rights Amendment (ERA): criticisms of: threat to women’s labor laws 2, 91, 96–97;exclusionary57–58;introducedby National Woman’s Party 68, 70; women’s collective action 56; introduced in Congress 71; means to eliminate Common Law restrictions on women 57 F Federal Employee 25, 30–31 feminism, U.S. 3, 57, 62, 66 Fess, Simeon 98 Frankfurter, Felix 10, 94; as counsel to Minimum Wage Board 94; relationship to Ethel Smith 96; regarding Equal Rights Amendment 54–95, 97 freedom of contract 4, 6, 14, 91 G gag rule 21 George Washington University 15, 63 Gompers, Samuel 10, 20, 74–76, 86–104; view of ERA 102 Great Depression 112 H Hamilton, Alice 66 Heath, James St. John 36 Henry, Alice 5, 6 Henry Street Settlement 34 Hill, Elsie M. 53, 61, 71, 95 Holloway Prison 42 Hull House 6, 8, 14, 34 J Johnson, Adelaide 56 K Keating, Edward 22 Kelley, Florence 6–8, 58, 66–67, 98–99, 104–105 Kirchwey, Frieda 58 Kirkby, Diane 5–6, 76 L League of Women Voters (LWV) 2, 56, 62 “Legal Position of Women in Pennsylvania” 46 Legal Formalism 4, 14, 91, 110; Alice Paul supports 92, 104, 106 Legal Realism 4, 92 Levitt, Albert 94; negotiations with Felix Frankfurter and Roscoe Pound 95–96; relationship with Alice Paul 96; support for women’s labor laws 96 Life and Labor Bulletin 6, 8, 25 limits to equality 1, 4–5, 9, 11,109–110, 112– 113 Lindsay, Samuel McCune 105 London School of Economics (LSE) 38–39 M McCormick, Ruth 17, 49–50 Magna Charta 64–65 MacKaye, Hazel 67–71 Mathews, Burnita Shelton 61 mechanical jurisprudence 4, 91 Milholland, Inez 70 Miller, Frieda 92 minimum wage laws 28–29; Washington D.C. minimum wage law (1918) 4, 28, 85, 87: role of minimum wage board 28; challenged in the courts 29, 87, 96, 102– 106 Mott, Lucretia 56, 67–69, 71 Index 165 Muller v. Oregon (1907) 110 Muncy, Robin 15 N National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA): founding 7; opposition to militancy 53; split with Alice Paul faction 17; stance during World War I 18 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 58 National Association of Colored Women (NACW) 58 National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) 89 National Consumers League (NCL) 2, 62, 78, 98 National Federation of Federal Employees Union (NFFE): founding 20; legislation 20, 22; relationship with the American Federation of Labor 20; Ethel Smith’s role 21, 30; membership 22 National Woman’s Party (NWP): constituency 9, 57, 67; founding 8–9, 55, 57; publicity 9; post-suffrage celebration 56–57, 93; suffrage statue 56, 69–70; sources of opposition: racial policies 58– 60, exclusionary de¤nition of women 60, 104, 106–107; 109; elitism 66–67...