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vii P r e f a c e a n d A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s This book had its genesis on the occasion of Ivan Illich’s seventieth birthday in 1996 when a small group of friends at Pennsylvania State University sought to reflect on the implications of his work. We took as our theme the phrase “No Easy Answers” because that was precisely our state of mind. In many ways it still is. A year later we sought to expand the collective reflection by inviting more than fifty colleagues from the Americas, Europe, and Asia to share their own perspectives on this theme. The result was almost thirty contributions, only about half of which we have been able finally to bring together here. Although the outgrowth of multiple friendships, this work has been a difficult undertaking. We especially want to apologize to those whose contributions were not able to be included. Space limitations forced us to exclude much more than we would have liked. Indeed, our hope is to be able to find another venue to publish another selection of those contributions that continue to be offered. In addition to this volume’s contributors, including the artists and translators and three anonymous reviewers, we would like to recognize Richard Devon of the Pennsylvania State University for the generous provision of office space and materials ; Karen Snare of the same institution for her many-sided assistance at all times; and Arthur Sacks of the Division of Liberal Arts and International Studies at the Colorado School of Mines for his support. We also wish to thank Abby Hoats for her friendly and efficient work in text composition. The volume itself is a testimony of our multiple intellectual debts to Ivan Illich. Indeed, each of us has been richly gifted by his friendship. Lee Hoinacki would like to thank Judith Van Herik for the various dimensions of her hospitality while he was in State College, Pennsylvania, and Barbara Duden for her warm hospitality while he was in Bremen, Germany—the two places where he has worked most extensively on this book. Carl Mitcham would like to express his gratitude to the large circle of Illich friends—from Valentina Borremans, Peter Bohn, Barbara Duden, Robert Duggan, Sezer Göncüoḡlu and Semi Eser, Hans Achterhuis, Dana Stuchul, and Jerry Brown— all of whom have hosted conversations enriching the reflections embedded in this collection. viii PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...

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