Owning the Genome: A Moral Analysis of DNA Patenting

Index

accessibility, 170–74, 185–88 agrarian societies, 193 agriculture, 9,10, 72, 177–79, 193, 196, 197 American Medical Association (AMA), 156 Amgen, 54, 55, 68–71, 89, 174 Anderson, F., 160 Andrews, L., 94 animal welfare, 83, 182 anti-commons,146 antitrust laws, 43, 69, 152, 172, 173, 184 bacteria, 27, 29, 52 Bayh-Dole Act, 70 benefit sharing, 81, 165, 200 bioinformatics, 23 bioprospecting, 190, 191, 200 biotechnology industry, 6, 9, 10, 52, 67, 68, 80 134, 146, 186, 202 Boyer, H., 52 breast cancer, 111, 173 BRCA 1/BRCA II, 23, 25, 70, 159–60, 173 Canavan’s disease, 158–59 Caplan, A., 161 categorical imperative, 95, 102 causation, 86–88, 205 Celerea Genomics, 2, 4–6, 45, 49, 51, 67, 68, 71, 150 Chakrabarty, A., 52–53 Christianity, 97 chromosomes, 14, 15,17 cloning, 27, 62, 119,179 Cohen, S., 52 Collins, F., 4 commercialization, 31, 32, 79, 91, 101, 105, 114, 168 common heritage argument, 10, 77–83 commodification, 10, 31, 32, 82–83, 93, 100, 103, 113–17, 120, 125–26, 170, 193 common property, 77–82 confidentiality, 141 conflict of interest, 144–46, 162, 166–68, 200 consequentialism, 8, 63, 79, 195 consumerism, 169 copyrights, 34, 46–51, 200 creativity, 47 fair use, 45, 48, 200 infringement, 47–48 on DNA, 51 on facts or ideas, 47 originality, 46, 49 utility, 47 Council for Responsible Genetics, 3, 74, 77, 94 Crick, F., 14 Darwin, C. 139 databases, 49, 199 decision theory, 108 deontology, 9, 63, 75, 78, 88, 93, 195, 203 231 Index deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 14–28, 78, 91, 114, 197, 199 chips, 25 cloning, 27 complementary, 89 human, 204–205 junk, 17, 22, 59 mutations, 15,16 patents on (see patents, on DNA) recombinant, 52 sequencing, 4–5, 22, 56 transcription, 18 translation, 18 developing nations, 80, 178, 186–88, 190–91, 199 Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 29, 52–54, 84, 85, 185 downstream effects, 43, 143, 146, 147, 184 drug development, 24 dualism, 118 duties, 103 economics, 6, 8–9, 67–68 egalitarianism, 79–80 Eli Lilly, 190 eminent domain, 42 erythropoietin, 54, 70, 89 Ethical review, 200 European Commission (EC), 62, 121 European Patent Convention (EPC), 5, 61, 89, 94 European Union (EU), 5, 62 Evolution, 18 Ex Parte Hibberd et al, 185 experimental use exemption (see research, exemption) explanation, 87 exploitation, 1, 128, 162–66, 189–93 expressed sequence tags (ESTs), 3, 28 farmer’s exemption, 185–88, 199 Feist Publications, Inc. vs. Rural Telephone Service, Inc., 49 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 109–10, 161 freedom, 36, 66, 96 free market, 149–50, 171–72, 206 function, 58–59 functional equivalence, 43, 59 Funk Brothers Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co, 52 Gelsinger, J., 160–62, 167 Genbank, 150 gene(s), 18–26 (see also deoxyribonucleic acid) Expression, 18 Therapy, 26, 160–62 Genentech, 2, 44, 52, 68 generic drugs, 43, 44, 171, 172 genetic determinism, 22, 90 diseases, 16, 20–23 diversity, 17, 82, 182 identity , 7, 117–22 predispositions, 23 testing, 25, 174–75 Genetic Alliance, 156 genetically modified animals, 7, 30, 179–82 crops, 7, 30, 178–81, 185–88, 193 foods, 30, 178–80, 187 genetics, 6, 13, 25, 136, 139 genome, 15 human, 4, 5, 17, 78, 93, 95, 128, 198, 204–205 genomics, 6, 22, 136, 139 genotypes, 13 Genovo, 162 God, 10, 75–77, 180 image of, 97 Green, R., 102–103 Hagahai, 1–2, 157–58 harm principle, 35, 37–38 Harvard University, 29 Hegel, F., 36, 204 hemoglobin, 20 hemophilia, 21 homology, 28, 114 human dignity, 10, 66, 94, 99, 100, 105, 106, 112–22, 163, 195 human genome (see genome, human) 232 Index Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP), 1 Human Genome Organization (HUGO), 61, 77 Human Genome Project (HGP), 4, 22, 71 human germ-line modification, 121, 183 humanzee, 128, 201 ideas, 85 Incyte Pharmaceuticals, 2, 67, 150 indigenous people, 1, 3 industrialization, 193 informed consent, 157, 163, 165, 190, 200 intellectual property, 32–39, 132, 140, 191–92 vs. tangible property, 32 treaties, 60–61 invention, 39, 62, 87–88 copycat, 149–50 pioneer, 44 inventor, 39 Islam, 97 isolation and purification, 28, 54, 62, 84–85, 113 Jefferson, T., 34, 53 Jesus, 98–99 Joint Appeal Against Human and Animal Patenting, 2, 74, 83, 93 Judaism, 97 Justice, 79–82, 163–65, 170–74, 185–89, 190, 200 Kant, I., 91, 95–96, 99...