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With the exception of Turkish words in common use in English, such as pasha (T. pas*a) and shaikh (T. s*eyh), all Turkish names, titles, and words are written according to the modern Turkish system. The following are the equivalent sounds in English or French: c—j, as in jot. ç—ch, as in chop. s*—sh, as in shop. g¨—unpronounced, lengthens preceding vowel. ı—no equivalent, approximately as in io of nation. ö—as in French peu. ü—as in French rue. Said (Nursi)—is pronounced Sa’eed. The Anglicized spelling of Bediuzzaman (T. Bediüzzaman) has been used throughout. ix Note on Spelling and Pronunciation ...

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