Canada's Religions: An Historical Introduction

Contents

Contents List of Illustrations xvii Chapter 1:Introduction 1 Suggested Readings 4 Chapter 2:The ReligiousWorld of Canada'sAmerindians The origins of Canada's Amerindian people 7 Amerindian realignments during the seventeenth century 10 The religions of Canada's Amerindians 11 Some basic themes in Canadian Amerindian religions 13 Illness and healing 22 Conclusion 25 Suggested readings 25 Chapter 3:EuropeanReligions on the Eveof Encounter The religions of Europe before the seventeenth century 27 The early Christian heritage 27 Medieval Christendom 29 The varieties of religions of Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries 32 Islam in Europe 32 Judaism in Europe 33 viii Contents The Protestant Reformation 35 The CatholicReformation 37 A Eurocentricworld view 41 A stronger or a weaker Christianity? 45 A divided Christian church 45 A united Christian church 46 Did diversity strengthen or weaken Christianity? 48 Suggested readings 50 Chapter 4: The Encounterbetween Amerindians and Europeans Europeans discover the Americas 51 The diverging agendas of Europeans and Amerindians 54 The agenda of the Franco-Europeans 54 The agenda of the Amerindians 58 The missionaries encounter the Amerindians 60 Suggested readings 64 Chapter 5:Missions of Many Kinds What is Christian mission? 67 Evangelization in early and medieval Christianity 67 Evangelizing the New World 68 Evangelizing Canada 69 The missionary personnel: the men 70 The Recollet Friars 70 The SocietyofJesus 74 The Gentlemen of Saint-Sulpice 79 The missionary personnel: the women 81 The Ursulines 81 The Hospital Sisters of Quebec 82 The Hospitalers of Montreal 83 The Notre-Dame Sisters 84 The Sisters of Charity of Montreal 85 The evangelization of Canada's Amerindians 86 The point of view of the clergy 86 The point of view of the Amerindians 89 Contents ix The legacy of Christian missions 92 Suggested readings 93 Chapter 6:The Development of the Catholic Church The organization of the CatholicChurch 95 The territorial organization of established churches 96 The territorial organization of mission churches 96 The management of the CatholicChurch 97 Religious orders in the church 97 Power shifts in the management of the church 100 Gallicanism 102 Early Canadian church institutions 105 The diocese of Quebec 105 Financing the church 110 The Seminary of Quebec Ill Other educational institutions 112 Health care and social work 112 Church developments in the eighteenth century 114 Suggested readings 115 Chapter 7: Theology, Beliefs, Customs, and Piety Doctrine and theology 117 Crosscurrents in French theology 117 The teaching of Bishop Saint-Vallier 120 Beliefs and religious customs of Early Canadians 121 The Canadian context 121 Popular attitudes to morality and religion 124 Confraternities 125 Holy places and pilgrimages 126 Amerindian Christian villages 129 Concluding remarks 133 Suggested readings 136 x Contents Chapter 8: The Church, the British Conquest, and the Quebec Act The British Conquest 137 The church and the Conquest 138 The state of the church on the eve of the Conquest 139 The immediate effects of the British invasion 143 British religious policy, 1759-1765 145 The Quebec Act and its aftermath (1774-1776) 154 The QuebecAct, 1774 154 The instructions to Carleton (1775) 155 The aftermath (1775-1776) 156 Suggested readings 157 Chapter 9:Revivals in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries The origins of Protestantism in Canada 159 The organization and governance of Protestant churches 161 Establishing Protestantism in Canada 162 Atlantic Canada 163 Upper Canada 164 The development and renewal of Protestantism 165 Protestant denominations 166 Protestant evangelicalism 167 Protestant revivals 170 Catholic renewal 173 Catholic ultramontanism 173 Ultramontanism in early-nineteenth-century Canada 176 Renewal in Amerindian religions 177 Suggested readings 179 Chapter 10: Missionary Agencies Protestant missionary agencies 181 Eighteenth-century agencies 182 Nineteenth-century agencies: the leading missionary agencies 183 Contents xi Converting FrenchCanada 185 Missions in Canada's northwest 189 Auxiliary missionary agencies 189 Catholic missionary agencies 190 Religious orders 191 Missionary agencies of men 193 Missionary agencies of women 199 Conclusion 202 Suggested readings 202 Chapter 11: The Churches and the State The structure and development of the churches 206 The Roman Catholic Church 206 The Church of England 211 The Presbyterians 216 Methodists 217 Baptists and other Protestants 219 Clergy reserves 220 The separation of church and state 222 Suggested readings 224 Chapter 12: The Evangelical Crusade Common characteristicsof evangelical Christians 226 Consequences ofevangelicalism in Canadian society 229 Protestant Diversity 234 Eschatology,Apocalyptic, Millennialism, and Adventism 234 Millennialism...