Notes
163 intro 1. Video posted at http://hotbuns.foofighters.com (accessed September 21, 2011). I am grateful to Nancy Guy for bringing this video to my attention. 2. Video posted at www.youtube.com/watch?v=6e5hRLbCaCs#t=28 (accessed August 22, 2013). 3. George Chauncey Jr., “Christian Brotherhood or Sexual Perversion? Homosexual Identity and the Construction of Sexual Boundaries in the World War I Era” (1985), in Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past, ed. Martin Bauml Duberman, Martha Vicinus, and George Chauncey Jr. (New York: New American Library, 1989), 294–317. See also Lawrence R. Murphy, “Cleaning Up Newport: The U.S. Navy’s Persecution of Homosexuals after World War I,” Journal of American Culture 7, no. 3 (1984): 57–64. 4. Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction:A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984). 5. Bethany Bryson, “‘Anything but Heavy Metal’: Symbolic Exclusion and Musical Dislikes,” American Sociological Review 61, no. 5 (1996): 884–99. 6. See Beverley Skeggs, Formations of Class and Gender: Becoming Respectable (London: Sage, 1997), 3. 7. As Aaron A. Fox argues, country music is regarded as racially “contaminated ” in connection with its white working-class audience, who are seen as the vectors of a bad, “unredeemed” whiteness: “White Trash Alchemies of the Abject Sublime: Country as ‘Bad’ Music,” in Bad Music:The Music We Love to Hate, ed. Charles J. Washburne and Maiken Derno (New York: Routledge, 2004), 44. I discuss his analysis further in chapter 1. 8. One institution that was powerful in defining twentieth-century homosexuality , its meanings, and its implications on social, legal, and medical fronts was the American Psychiatric Association (APA). The APA removed homosexuality from its list of psychiatric disorders only in 1973, following an internal battle among psychiatric authorities whose professional success and theoretical investments were riding on the decision. See Dudley Clendinen and Notes 164 / Notes to Pages 6–7 Adam Nagourney,Out for Good:The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), 199–217. 9. See Alfred Kinsey et al., Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1948). 10. The term homonormativity originates in Lisa Duggan, The Twilight of Equality? Neoliberalism, Cultural Politics, and the Attack on Democracy (Boston: Beacon Press, 2003), where it is defined as “a politics that does not contest dominant heteronormative assumptions and institutions, but upholds and sustains them, while promising the possibility of a demobilized gay constituency and a privatized, depoliticized gay culture anchored in domesticity and consumption . . . [and a politics produced] through a double-voiced address to an imagined gay public, on the one hand, and to the national mainstream constructed by neoliberalism on the other” (50–51). 11. Beverley Skeggs, Class, Self, Culture (New York: Routledge, 2004), 4. Skeggs’s important and influential work theorizes the centrality of respectability in contemporary class dynamics. 12. A lesser-known designation ascribes political agency:Stonewall Rebellion. Accounts describe the bar patrons and police resisters as racially diverse and including many poor and working-class people. But they differ regarding the number and types of queens involved. David Carter, Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution (New York: St. Martin’s, 2004), argues that drag queens’ involvement, in particular, has been exaggerated, but other accounts, including Martin Duberman, Stonewall (New York: Dutton, 1993), accord drag queens an important role. See David Valentine, Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007), 45 ff., for further discussion of these debates. 13. The “prepolitical” impact of working-class lesbians’ bar-based culture and resistance, including femme-butch visibility, and its historiographic overshadowing by the organized,institutional activism of the middle-class homophile organizations are underscored in Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (New York: Routledge, 1993); and Nan Alamilla Boyd, Wide-Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003). Also relevant here is John Howard’s observation, from his oral histories of gay black and white men—many working class—who were active in Mississippi in the 1960s, “that gay identity in Mississippi (surely as elsewhere) existed alongside multiple queer desires that were not identity based or identity forging”: John Howard, ed., Carryin’ On in the Lesbian and Gay South (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 29. The definitive history of the homophile movement is John D...
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