Notes
267 Introduction 1. See, e.g., Richard H. Mitchell, Censorship in Imperial Japan (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983); Jay Rubin, Injurious to Public Morals: Writers and the Meiji State (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1984); Gregory James Kasza, The State and the Mass Media in Japan, 1918–1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988); and James Huffman, Creating a Public: People and Press in Meiji Japan (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1997). Although the publishing laws were publicly known, their changing enforcement was misunderstood by the public and the publishing world. The censor’s office periodically would redefine standards in secret memos and these policy shifts would seem arbitrary to producers of cultural material. See, e.g., the 1930 Mid-Year Overview Report of the Publishing Police, which elaborates standards for censorship that include both the obvious protections against incitement and agitation for revolution and the restraint on introducing methods of abortion as well as the less clear stipulations against “defaming the prestige or honor of foreign dignitaries” and “arousing allure for the red-light districts and other bad areas.” In a section on “special standards,” the report also notes other circumstances that the censor should take into consideration , such as the “scope of readership,” “number of copies issued and the social impact,” “timing of the issuing,” “locality of distribution,” and “number of improper passages.” “Shōwa go nenjū ni okeru shuppan keisatsu gaikan” (1930), reprinted in Shuppan keisatu gaikan, ed. Naimushō keihokyoku, vol. 1 (Tokyo: Fuji shuppan, 1988). 2. See, e.g., Kamei Hideo’s portrayal in “Tokunōgorō to ken’etsu,” in Tokushū hisenryōka no gengo kūkan, special issue, Bungaku 4.5 (2003): 87. See also Taniguchi Akihiro, “Dazai Osamu zenshū no seiritsu: ken’etsu to honbun (Tokushū senryōki no ken’etsu to bungaku),” Intelligence 8 (April 2007): 24– 34, quote on 27. 3. Jacques Derrida, Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression, Religion and Postmodernism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). Notes 268 / Notes 4. From the Library of Congresses “Censored Japanese Serials of the Pre1946 Period” collection scheduled for microfilming and return to the National Diet Library and designated with the MOJ76.689 designation. Call Number: CLC Ser Z6958.J3.N3 PN4705 Japan. 5. Taki Yōsaku “Sonae yo! Toki da,” Puroretaria shishū 2, reprinted in Nihon Puroretaria Bungakushū (Tokyo: Shin Nihon Shuppansha, 1987), 39: 225–26. 6. Etō Jun, Jiyū to kinki (Tokyo: Kawade Shobō Shinsha, 1984), 287–88. 7. Edward Said, After the Last Sky: Palestinian Lives (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 53. 8. Honda Shūgo, “‘Mujōken kōfuku’ no imi,” Bungei, September 1978. Jay Rubin, “From Wholesomeness to Decadence: The Censorship of Literature under the Allied Occupation,” Journal of Japanese Studies 11.1 (Winter 1985): 71–103. 9. Katō Norihiro, Haisengoron (Tokyo: Kōdansha, 1997); Nishio Kanji, GHQ no funsho tosho kaifū (Tokyo: Tokuma shoten, 2008). 10. This apparent contradiction is easily resolved by a consideration of Etō’s own flirtations with Jean-Jacques Pauvert, who writes, “Censorship is one of those convenient words which are widely used today because they allow people to seem, with a minimum of effort, decent and right-thinking, the same as everyone else these days. The Left, the Right, and the Centre all agree that one should be anti-censorship, anti-war, anti-racism, pro-human rights or freedom of expression.” Cited in Helen Freshwater, “Towards a Redefinition of Censorship,” in Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age, ed. Beate Muller, Critical Studies 22.1 (October 2003): 237. For an example of Etō’s early tendencies, see, e.g., Etō Jun, Natsume Sōseki, Sakkaron shiriizu (Tokyo: Raifusha, 1956), passim. 11. See tape-recorded radio address by Byron Price and J. H. Ryan, February 20, 1943, National Archives Identifier: 116629. See also “Private Snafu: Censored,” in Army-Navy Screen Magazine 31 (1944), National Archives Identifier: 36197. 12. Etō Jun, “The Sealed Linguistic Space: The Occupation Censorship and Post-War Japan, Part I,” ed. and trans. Jay Rubin, in Hikaku bunka zasshi: Annual of Comparative Culture 2 (1984): 11. See also Etō Jun, Tozasareta gengo kūkan: Senryōgun no ken’etsu to sengo Nihon, Bunshun bunko E-2–8 (Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 1998), 58–59. 13. Etō, “The Sealed Linguistic Space,” 14. See also Etō Jun, “The Constraints of the 1946 Constitution,” Japan Echo 8.1 (Spring 1981): 45. 14. Nagai Kafū, “Kyakuhon ken’etsu mondai no hihan,” Shin engei, September 1922, reprinted in Kafū zenshū (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1962), 27...
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