Majoritarian Cities: Policy Making and Inequality in Urban Politics

Notes

237 Notes Chapter 1 1. Minnesota was the first state to adopt both a charter school law and a statewide open enrollment policy. Open enrollment allows students to attend other public schools outside of their home district at no cost provided there is room at the receiving school and the student can provide their own transportation. 2. For example, none of the chapters in the most recent edited volume on the state of the field (Davies and Imbroscio 2009) explicitly addresses the issue of the responsiveness of local governments. 3. In the nation’s largest cities, public relations play a much bigger role in everyday governing. For example, the Daley administration’s handling of the fallout from the 1995 heat wave in Chicago has been critically examined in detail by Klinenberg (2002). 4. In addition to the classic community power studies by scholars such as Dahl, Edward Banfield and James Q. Wilson, Raymond Wolfinger, and Peter Bachrach and Morton Baratz, many other prominent works of this period dealt much more explicitly with the institutions of government, interest groups, political parties, and the role of citizens. Some of the best known of these works include Lowi (1964), Sayre and Kaufman (1960), and Wirt (1974). Chapter 2 1. This is just a sampling of the voluminous literature on regionalism. 2. There is an extensive literature on Gary politics. On the election of Richard Hatcher, see Keiser (1997), Levine (1974), and Nelson and Meranto (1977); on the politics of Gary in the 1960s and 1970s, see Crenson (1971), and Greer (1979); on the politics of the 1980s, see Catlin (1993). 3. The common perception that this region is considered by many Indiana residents to be more a part of metropolitan Chicago than the state of Indiana was confirmed in several interviews and informal conversations with Indiana residents from outside the region. 238 notes to Pages 71–155 Chapter 3 1. For a summary of the literature on the negative effects of racial and economic segregation on academic achievement, see Orfield and Lee (2005). 2. The overall popularity of community schools across the city was also confirmed in several interviews with persons knowledgeable about and directly involved in this decision. 3. For an overview of the adequacy and equity school cases, see Reed (2001) and Schrag (2003). 4. ThesuburbandistrictswereRichfield,Edina,St.LouisPark,Hopkins,Robbinsdale , Wayzata, Columbia Heights, and St. Anthony. Eden Prairie was added later. 5. This was confirmed in several interviews. One person involved in the settlement negotiations stressed how much the MPS disliked the NAACP settlement. In another interview, an MPS official repeatedly downplayed the significance of the NAACP case, and acted annoyed when I wanted to discuss the case in more detail. 6. In 2008, the connection between the community and the MPS was further strengthened when city voters approved a structural change in the school board. By a 66 to 34 percent margin, voters approved a change from the existing board consisting of seven at-large members, to a new board with nine members, six elected from districts with the remaining three at-large. Chapter 4 1. The mayor served two-year terms until the early 1980s, when the Minneapolis City Charter was changed to establish a four-year term. Davis describes the many hateful, racially motivated incidents that he and his family endured during the 1971 campaign in his autobiography, Overcoming: The Autobiography of W. Harry Davis, chapter 16. Chapter 5 1. I say this as a St. Paul homeowner who, each year since roughly 2007, dreads opening his annual Ramsey County property tax statement, which includes the county’s current assessment of the value of our home. 2. Author’s interview with Robert Miller, director of the NRP , 10 July 2007. For additional background of the history of housing reforms in Minneapolis, see Sidney (2003), chapter 4. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. In addition, some neighborhoods had not yet completed Phase II plans as of late 2008 when this research was being carried out. 5. The racial composition of the workforce of private sector employers is generally not publicly available, and so this claim is based on my observations of the workforce at the downtown Target store on several occasions in 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010. 6. In 2007, the city established the Department of Neighborhood and Com- notes to Pages 167–225 239 munity Relations, and in 2008 the associated Neighborhood and Community Engagement Commission was...