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abortion policy, 214 absolutism, 36; in Denmark, 67 accountability, administrative: in Iceland, 190; in Norway, 234–36; in Sweden, 278 accountability, cabinet, 30n4, 30n10, 187, 363, 365, 366, 367, 381; in Denmark, 67, 80, 366; in Finland, 112, 132, 126, 142; in Iceland, 177, 179, 187, 196 accountability, electoral, 298, 365; in Finland, 149; in Iceland, 160 accountability, member of parliament (MP): in Denmark, 79; in Norway, 210; in Sweden, 260, 261 accountability, ministerial, 58, 367; in Denmark, 86, 88, 97–98, 99, 103; in Finland, 127, 148; in Iceland, 159, 160, 177–78, 187; in Norway, 201, 223; in Sweden, 269, 278, 280 accountability, political, 7–10, 298, 314–15, 357, 382, 385 (see also chain of delegation and accountability); in Denmark, 105; in Iceland, 159, 191, 192, 196; impact of European integration on, 27, 333, 341, 350; mechanisms of, 8–9, 359, 374 (see also contract design; control instruments; screening; selection); in Norway, 201, 202; in Sweden, 261, 286; under the Westminster model, 10–11, 13, 56, 382 activity, legislative. See activity, parliamentary activity, parliamentary, 15, 16, 58, 366–69. See also cabinet bills; interpellations ; parliamentary oversight; parliamentary questions; private members’ bills administration, public, 6, 9, 21, 44; in Denmark, 98–99, 100; in Finland, 140–41, 145; in Iceland, 160, 189, 193, 196; in Norway, 222, 234–35, 237–38, 239; in Sweden, 277–78, 279, 281–82, 286. See also agencies, executive; civil servants; civil service Administrative Procedures Act of 1967 (Norway), 235 Afghanistan, 352n4 Africa, 37, 356 “Age of Liberty,” 40 agencies, executive: in the chain of delegation, 6, 12; in Denmark, 98; in Finland, 140–41; in Iceland, 159, 180–81, 189–90; in Norway, 220, 222, 223, 234–36, 239, 241; in Sweden , 277–78. See also administration, public; civil servants; civil service agency loss, 8–9, 14, 51, 149, 317 agency problems, 8–10, 23–25, 27, 359. See also agency loss; moral hazard; selection, adverse agenda-setting power, 298; in Denmark , 88, 90, 104; in Finland, 137; 399 Subject Index Note: Page numbers in italic indicate tables or figures. 400 ✦ Subject Index agenda-setting power (continued) in Norway, 200, 208, 227, 237, 239; in Sweden, 267, 272 agrarian movement, in Finland, 42 agrarian party, 300, 314, 324n3, 336; in Denmark, 385; in Finland, 310; in Sweden, 254 Agrarian Union (Finland), 114. See also Center Party (Finland) agricultural interests: in Denmark, 42, 336; in Finland, 146, 342; in Iceland, 343, 344, 352n12; in Norway, 339; in Sweden, 341 agriculture policy, 48, 59n4, 100; in Denmark, 100; in Norway, 340; in Sweden, 277, 281 Åland Islands, 114, 117 Alford index, 57–58, 72, 73, 116, 207, 257, 257, 307–8, 308 Alliance (Sweden), 255, 258, 279, 313 alliances, electoral, 313, 346; in Finland, 113, 117, 126, 150n3; in Iceland, 167; in Norway, 211, 214, 313; in Sweden, 253, 255 alternative majority, 304, 311, 314; in Denmark, 86, 86, 87, 96, 332, 337, 352n5; in Finland, 125. See also opposition, political Althingi (Iceland). See parliament amendment, constitutional: in Denmark , 78, 80, 103; in Finland, 120, 129, 133, 142, 144, 149, 150n1, 151n13; in Iceland, 195; in Norway, 209–10, 227, 241, 244n8 amendment, legislative: in Denmark, 85, 88; in Iceland, 173, 175, 176; in Sweden, 269 “Americanization,” 258 appointment powers, 319, 359; in Denmark , 98, 99, 102, 106; in Finland, 136, 140, 142, 143, 145, 149; in Iceland, 172, 180–81, 189–90, 194; in Norway, 234, 237, 239; in Sweden, 271, 277 Ásgrímsson, Halldór, 169, 181–82, 194 association of local governments (Denmark), 100 Audit Office (Sweden), 278 audit reform, in Sweden, 286 Auditor General’s Office (Norway), 222 auditors, independent, 382 audits: in Denmark, 97, 99; in Iceland, 176–77; in Norway, 221, 222, 242; in Sweden, 278, 286 Australia, 209 Austria, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 52, 53, 357 autonomy, local, 53, 55; in Norway, 201; in Sweden, 280 autonomy, national political, 333, 336, 351; in Finland, 346, 347; in Iceland, 40; impact of European integration on, 27, 347, 348; in Sweden, 341 bank, central, 26, 28, 360, 382; in Denmark (Nationalbanken), 68, 102, 104, 106; in Iceland, 159, 180–81, 194; in Norway (Bank of Norway), 241, 243; in Sweden (Riksbank), 252, 282, 286 banking system, in Iceland, 159, 195, 196n9, 329 Belarus, 356 Belgium, 17, 44, 46, 47, 48, 52, 357, 360 Berge, Abraham, 227 bicameralism: in Sweden, 253; quasi-, 361 Bildt cabinet, 263, 276 Björnsson, Sveinn, 161, 172–73 bloc politics, 20, 30n10...

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