Law and the Rural Economy in the Roman Empire

General Index

253 General Index %% Abandoned land, right to cultivate, 141, 157–58 Abandonment of land: and imperial tenants, 72, 87–88; in late antiquity, 232n98 Actio pigneraticia: See Pledging Actio quod iussu, 147 Actio Serviana, 150 Actio utilis, 147–48 Actores, managing estates, 140, 146–47, 184, 186 Adelphios (Aurelius), landowner in Egypt, 83, 158–59 Adscripticii, 181, 228n44, 230n71 Agency, 43, 64–65, 67, 72 , 95 Agriculture: as form of investment, 41–42, 94; importance of, to Roman economy and fiscal policy, 1–2, 5, 41, 51, 159–60, 164–65, 168–70, 199, 214n7 Albertini Tablets, 21–22, 62, 70, 138–39, 177 Alexandria, edict of Caracalla to expel Egyptians from, 41, 168 Annona (grain distribution), 49, 209n66 Annona (tax), 165–66, 169 Antichretic leases, 149 Antonine plague, 135–36, 220n9 Apiones (Flavii), and management of estate in Egypt, 189–90, 198, 232n88 Appianus (Aurelius): leasing to tenants, 214n4; and management of estate, 40, 46–47, 49, 232n88; paying taxes for laborers, 167, 182 Apuleius’ Golden Ass, and social condi‑ tions, 14 Arbitration, in Egypt, 223n58 Arrears of rent, dispute over, 218n80 Augustine, and rural conditions, 176–77 Babatha archive, 22 Baetocaece, petition from, 205n92 Bargaining: and institutions, 32, 35–36, 44; in farm tenancy, 69–71, 94–95, 100, 108, 110, 118 129, 214n8; in game theory, 35; and late antique fiscal policy, 37, 164, 173, 175–77, 182–84, 190 Beth Phouraia, petition from, 22–23, 105 Bishops’ courts, 20, 190, 233n100 Bounded rationality, 37–39, 41, 207n27 Caesariani, 87 Capitatio (capitation tax), 166, 168, 174, 180, 185 Castella, in North Africa, 50, 77 China, rural history of, 198–99 Church fathers, social concerns of, 177, 182, 186, 224n73, 229n56, 232n89 254 Cities: economic relationship of, with countryside, 5–7, 198–99; in Roman North Africa, 55–56 Coase Theorem, 32–25, 54, 118 Code of Justinian: reasons for publishing, 44; as source for evidence, 11–12, 18, 100, 131–32 Codex Gregorianus, 18 Collatio lustralis, 232n94 Colonate, 134, 164, 220n5 Coloni (in late antiquity): bound to land, 27, 37, 135, 139, 163–73, 197, 225–26n2, 226n10, 227n16, 227n22, 228n43, 230n70; capacity of, to sue landowners, 184–86; 231n85; eco‑ nomic consequences of restricting mo‑ bility of, 170–71, 173–77; flexibility in lease terms of, 183–84; and protection by state, 190; relationship of, with landowners, 139, 171, 175, 178–79, 184–85, 188; resources of, 170, 172–73, 186; and restriction of mobil‑ ity by state, 164, 174–75, 178–82, 191, 230n70; senators without liability for taxes of, 180; vs. slaves, 174, 182, 184–85, 188, 225–26n2, 231n82 Columella, leasing to tenants, 100, 105–6 Communal organizations: on imperial es‑ tates, 76–77, 81; and land tenure, 17; in medieval rural economy, 212n58 Communication, between Rome and provinces, 21 Conductores (large-scale lessees): in late antiquity, 138, 141, 176–77; on North African imperial estates, 58–62, 67–68, 70–75, 78–79, 81, 114, 195 Consumer cities, 5 Contracts: advantages of strict enforce‑ ment of, 219n89; default rules in, 102– 3, 111, 215n25, 215n28; discharge from, 111–12; efficient breach of, 69, 96–97, 211n43; enforcement costs of, 34–35, 118–19; enforcement by state of, 15; gaps in and incomplete, 101–3, 112, 118–19, 122–23, 219n87; neoclassical approach to, 98–99, 101; neoinsitutional approach to, 98. See also “Governance” structures; Rela‑ tional contracts Corruption, efforts to curb in late an­ tiquity, 185, 227n25 Credit: in late Republic, 207n33; in Roman agriculture, 2, 148–50, 154. See also Debt Cursus publicus (public post), 25, 169, 227n25 Custom: establishing water rights, 145; and tenancy arrangements, 26, 44, 95, 105, 117, 119–25, 133–35, 142, 144, 160–61, 167–68, 175–76, 213n90, 222n31, 228n43 Debt: in Egypt, 224n67; enforcement of, and social status, 152–53; in Greek law, 153; mutual liability of villagers for, 148; Roman government’s efforts to regulate, 131, 148–55, 159; sale of property to pay off, 151–54, 224n66; by tenants, 107–8, 119, 123, 133, 146–49. See also Credit; Pignus Defensor civitatis, 19–20, 208n44, 230n73 Digest of Justinian, as source of evidence, 12 Disputes over ownership and possession, 131, 155–60 Distribution of land: in Egypt, 49–50, 194, 208–9n65, 233n4; and imperial estates, 77; at Ligures Baebiani, 194; in Roman Empire, 45–47; at Veleia, 194 Distribution of wealth: and institutional arrangements, 9, 36, 56, 79, 91, 195; and late antique fiscal system, 190 Drought: and remission of rent...