The Body Soviet: Propaganda, Hygiene, and the Revolutionary State

Notes

NOTES ABBREVIATIONS AMO: Arkhiv Moskovskoi oblasti GARF: Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii KOTiB: Komitet ozdorovlenie trud i byt MOZ: Moskovskii otdel zdravookhranenia Narkomzdrav: Narodnyi komissariat zdravookhraneniia OMM: Okhrana materinstva i mladenchestva TsGAODM:Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv obshchestvennykh dvizhenii Moskvy TsGAMO:Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Moskovskoi oblasti TsMAM: Tsentral'nyi munitsipal'nyi arkhiv Moskvy ZNB: Za navyi byt INTRODUCTION 1. Lenin, "Report of the All-Russia Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, December 5;' in Collected l%rks, 30:228; also in N. A. Semashko, "Pohtika v dele zdravookhraneniia za desiat' let;' in Desiat' let oktiabria i sovetskaia meditsina, ed. N. A. Semashko, 4- Lice were identified in 1909 as a vector for typhus, an epidemic in urban and rural areas by this time; see K. David Patterson, "Typhus and Its Control in Russia, 1870-1940;' 361, 372. 2. After reading my project description, one Russian university official quipped: "We had hygiene?" 3. W. Horsley Gantt cited ten million dead for the period 1916 to 1923 in Russian Medicine , 144. Basing himself on E. 1. Potova, Bor'ba s itifektsionnymi bolezniami v SSSR, 1917-1967, 67-70, Gordon Hyde amasses statistics to point to cholera (368,390 deaths, 1918-21), typhus (5,763>470 deaths, 1918-21), typhoid (2,046,709 deaths, 1914-21), and dysentery (1,665,645 deaths, 1914-21); quoted in The Soviet Health Service: A Historical and Comparative Study, 48-49. 4. 1. A. Slonimskaia, "v. 1. Lenin ob okhrane zdorov'ia naroda;' in Ocherki istoriografii sovetskogo zdravookhraneniia, ed. M. 1. Barsukov, 13. 2II 212 Notes to pages 3-4 5. In early studies of Soviet health care, eager fellow travelers recounted in detail the benefits of socialism in contrast to the deprivations of capitalism; see: Gantt, Russian Med~ icine; Anna J. Haines, Health Work in Soviet Russia; and Sir Arthur Newsholme and John Adams Kingsbury, Red Medicine: Socialized Health in Soviet Russia. Others touched on health in a survey of all things Soviet; see, e.g., British Trade Union Delegation, Russia Today: The C!fficial Report '!f the British Trade Union Delegation and Fannina W. Halle, Woman in Soviet Russia. Later surveys give health its due, but in these larger studies the revolutionary years and international context are not a focus. See Henry Sigerist, Medicine and Health in the Soviet Union; Mark G. Field, Soviet Socialized Medicine; and Michael Kaser, Health Care in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Recently historians have returned to questions of professionalization and the creation of a civil society in discussions of medical care. Nancy Mandelker Frieden argues that health care professionals, essential to a civil society, were weak; see Russian Physicians in an Era '!f Riform and Revolution, 1856--19°5. John F. Hutchinson focuses on the political struggle among medical professionals rather than on a binary of professionals vs. state; see Politics and Public Health in Revolutionary RUSSia, 1890-1918. Solomon and Hutchinson's edited volume Health and Society in Revolutionary Russia further complicates the understanding of professionalization and centralization. Mary Schaeffer Conroy addresses Soviet pharmacy in the 1920S primarily as a means of understanding the problems of Soviet pharmaceutical production, particularly in later periods; see The Soviet Pharmaceuti~ cal Business during Its First Two Decades (1917-1937). Michael Zdenek David investigates social construction and professionalization against the backdrop of tuberculosis care in "The White Plague in the Red Capital: Tuberculosis and Its Control in Moscow, 1900--1941:' A recent set of works has brought to light the experience of health care outside the centers . Paula A. Michaels examines health care as a tool in Stalin's empire in Curative Powers: Medicine and Empire in Stalin~ Central Asia. David L. Ransel intertwines questions of gender and ethnicity in his study of women's healthcare in the village through the Soviet period; see Village Mothers: Three Generations '!f Change in Russia and Tataria. Cassandra Cavanaugh investigates Central Asia in "Backwardness and Biology: Medicine and Power in Russian and Soviet Central Asia, 1868-1934:' 6. Conceptualizing disease as a social problem-social hygiene-was the guiding principle of Narkomzdrav; prophylaxis was the cornerstone of social hygiene. See Susan Gross Solomon, "Social Hygiene and Soviet Public Health, 1921-193°:' in Health and Society in Revolutionary RUSSia, ed. Solomon and Hutchinson, 175---99. 7. A number of works have investigated the intersection of lifestyle, politics, and creation in the 1920S. Richard Stites details the utopian philosophies of Revolution in Rev~ olutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian...