Tired of Weeping: Mother Love, Child Death, and Poverty in Guinea-Bissau

Index

abortion, 106 –7, 189n26, 198n24 abstinence, sexual, 69, 79, 84, 182n12 afterlife: beating-the-drum ceremony and, 55; care of children in, 113; Catholicism and mourning, 4; children and, 130; Islam and, 132–33; medical care and, 136; mourning and grief, 132–33, 137; Papel religion, 32, 111–13 age groups as social networks and support systems, 48 –49, 58, 178n24, 179 –80n38 agency: in birth, 73, 85; of children, 89; of infants , 186n2; personal agency vs. structure , 29 –30; poverty and, 29 –30; pragmatic agency and disease, 134; of women, 191n10 agriculture: division of labor and, 42–45, 57, 178n27; enforced cultivation under colonial rule, 15, 174n30; food production , 174n31; market crops, 43; subsistence agriculture, 10–11, 42–44 albinism, 146 alcohol: breastfeeding and, 79; neglect linked to, 128, 130; pregnancy and consumption of, 72; production and consumption of, 49 –50; religious specialists use of, 49 –50; violence and, 49 –51 Alford, Richard D., 104 –5, 190n29 –30 Alto do Cruzeiro: breastfeeding in, 86, 185n46; care-seeking behaviors in, 168; on causes of child death, 110; child mortality and neglect thesis, 109 –11; conceptualization of children, 4, 7, 90, 140, 168; fosterage in, 90; funeral and burial customs, 131; last-born children among, 194n33; mourning and grief among, 110–11, 135; naming practices, 90, 187n7, 189 –90n27; Papel compared with, 167–68; physical contact with infants and, 103 –4; reproductive histories , 194n33; social relationships among, 187n4; values associated with reproduction and motherhood, 86 –87. See also Death without Weeping (ScheperHughes ); Scheper-Hughes, Nancy “animal diseases,”21, 120–22, 127, 153, 192n17 ant-bear disease, 153 Ariès, Philippe, 6 attachment theory, 61–62 Australia, 186n7 Badinter, Elisabeth, 6 –7 Baker, Hugh D. R., 142 Balanta, 8, 9, 10–11, 13, 120, 128, 179 –80n38, 192n18, 197n14 Ball, Helen L., 6 baloba, 99 –100, 111, 112, 119 balobeiru (religious specialists), 33 –34; on afterlife, 112; divination consultations, 115; iran children and, 152, 156; katandeira fostered with, 99 –100, 104, 119, 167, 189n21; role in sorcery, 117 Bariba (Benin), 144 beating-the-drum ceremony, 35, 53, 54, 55 Bemba (Central Africa), 187n9 Beng (Ivory Coast), 88 –89, 145, 183n26, 187n9 Bijagos, 15 227 Index Biombo (Guinea-Bissau): continuity and change in, 30; geography of, 10; map of, 11; population and demographics , 10–12; poverty in, 10–11; socioeconomic and health indicators, 9 birth: abnormal birth as threat to social order, 144 –45; “burdens of birth,”60, 85, 86, 130, 170; emotional support during , 62, 85, 86, 166; feminist perspectives on, 61; maternal bonding theory and, 61–63; maternal mortality during, 183n19; as mission, 75 –76; multiple births, 143 –44, 146 –47, 197n14; “natural ”childbirth, 61, 85, 181n2; overview of research, 25; as painful and dangerous , 60–61; postnatal depression, 77; postpartum care, 73 –74, 77, 85, 86, 181n5; prematurity, 169; preparation for, 70; in solitude, 74 –75, 144, 183n30; stillbirth, 131; in the village with traditional assistance, 73 –74, 76 –77, 85; violence during childbirth, 73, 74, 75, 85 birth control, 69; abortion, 106 –7, 189n26, 198n24; contraception, 69, 107, 183n22 birth defects. See congenital abnormalities; iran children blindness, 35 –36; iran children and, 146, 153; of newborns, 91 Borana (East Africa), 188n17 bottle-feeding, 81–83, 185n40; of twins, 82–83 Bowlby, John, 61–62 breastfeeding: abstinence from sexual relations and, 69, 79, 84, 182n12; in Alto, 86, 185n46; “bad milk,”22, 80–81, 184n38; bottle-feeding and, 81–83; colostrum, 78, 185n46; duration of, 83 –84, 185n43; fathers and decision to wean, 84 –85; foods and, 78 –79, 81; by grandmothers, 156; infections and, 79 –80; initiation of, 74, 77, 78, 166, 185n45; of iran children , 149, 151, 152, 160, 161, 163; Islamic law and, 186n47; kinship of, 186n47; male lactation, 184n39; maternal bonding theory and, 166; menstruation and, 66; as metaphor of lineage relationships , 30; milk supply, 78 –79, 184n34; mission hospital practices and, 77, 83; as obligation, 78, 86, 165; overview of research, 26; relactation, 80–81, 184n39; research in Guinea-Bissau, 18, 21; sexual activity after termination of, 69; statistics (Biombo), 86; supplemental feedings and, 83 –84; termination or weaning, 83 –85; by Western mothers, 185n47; wet nurses, 78, 80– 81, 156 bride price or bridal gifts, 35, 39, 177–78n18; divorce and, 51–52 burdens of birth, 60, 85, 86, 170; mourning and, 130, 170. See also birth; breastfeeding ; menstruation; pregnancy Cabral, Amilcar, 15 –16 Carreira, António, 177–78n18, 197n13 Carsten, Janet, 29 Cassidy, Claire Monod, 172n9, 175n39 Castle, Sarah, 135 –36 cat disease...