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237 INDEX Abbas, Ferhat, 48, 49, 117 Abdallah, Ridha, 213n8 Abdülhamit II (sultan), 88 Abdullah (king of Jordan), 61, 137, 138 Abdülmecit (sultan), 80 Abu al-Huda, Tawfiq, 141 Abu Jaber, Kamel S., 61, 141 Abu Nuwar, Ali, 141–42 Achour, Habib, 111 Aden Association (aa), 44, 46 Aden College, 115 Aden Trade Unions Congress (atuc), 115 administrative council system (late Ottoman Empire). See provincial administrative council system (late Ottoman Empire) adul, 36 Agwani, M. S., 214n13 Ahâli Fırkası (late Ottoman Empire), 91 ‘Ahd Party (Iraq), 60 Ahmad, Feroz, 93 Aldrich, John H., 13, 76 Aleppo, 70 Alexander, Gerard, 207n13 Algeria, 13, 14, 15; establishment of immediate, one-party founding regime in, 117–20; making of a single preponderant party in, 47–51; relative ease of party building in, 104–6 Algerian People’s Party (ppa), 49 Amir Kabir, 97 Anderson, Lisa, 39 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty (1936), 66 Anglo-Jordanian Treaty (1948), 142 Anglo-Persian Treaty (1919), 57, 58 Arab Constitutional(ist) Party (Jordan), 14, 128, 138–41 Arab-Israeli Conflict, 138, 140–41, 192, 196, 217n1 Arab Legion, 125 Arab Nationalist Movement (anm) (Yemen), 114, 115 Arab Socialist Party (Syria), 14, 128, 143–48, 210n10 Arafat, Yasser, 4 Armée de Libération Nationale (aln) (Algeria), 118–19 Association of the Ulama (Algeria), 48 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 3, 58; and Defense of Rights societies, 216n4; and end of the Ottoman Empire, 186; and eradication of the sultanate, 186; and execution of political enemies , 169; and founding of the First Group, 163; and founding of the Republican People’s Party, 165–66; and Free Republican Party, 171–74; and Grand National Assembly, 163– 66; political and cultural reforms pushed by, 166; and political polarization in Turkey, 165, 175; and Progressive Republican Party, 166–69; and reforming Republican People’s Party, 176–77; relationship of, to Committee for Union and Progress, 215n2; and Second Group, 164–67; and Turkish army, 186–87; and Turkish Hearths, 176; and Turkish War of Independence, 94; and the West, 193 âyan, 77–80 Avni, ìefik, 172–73 Baghdad Pact, 142 Bakdash, Khalid, 70 Banna, Hassan al-, 152 Batatu, Hanna, 60, 210n10 Ba’th Party (Iraq), 14, 128, 134–35, 137 Ba’th Party (Jordan), 14, 71, 128, 139–42, 215n16 Ba’th Party (Syria), 14, 70, 128, 143–48 Bayar, Celâl, 182 Bayraktar Mustafa Paîa, 79 ben Azouz, Mekki, 209n16 Ben Badis, Abdelhamid (sheikh), 48, 49, 117 Ben Bella, Ahmed, 119 Ben Salah, Ahmed, 110–11 Ben Youssef, Salah, 108–10, 112, 114, 212n4 bipartism, 20; and depolarization, 73, 161–62; evolution of, in Turkey, 159–84 passim; and majoritarian electoral rules, 74; origins of, in Turkey, 75, 77–96 Boumedienne, Houari, 119–20 Bourguiba, Habib, 38; and crafting of one-party rule in Tunisia, 108–14, 213nn9–10; and founding of the NeoDestour Party, 38; and France, 108, 109; nationalist strategy of, 42; powers as president of Tunisia, 113; and Salah Ben Youssef, 108–10; as secondgeneration elite, 39; and silencing of political rivals, 108–11 Britain. See United Kingdom Bujra, A. S., 47 caid, 35, 36, 37 caliph, 163 caliphate, 166 center-periphery conflict, 20; in Egypt, 98, 212n20; in Iran, 97; in the late Ottoman Empire and Turkey, 20, 75–97, 158–84 passim, 211n7; in Morocco, 98; in Tunisia, 99 Central Intelligence Agency (cia), 132 challenger parties, 18; and defections from competitive norms in multiparty cases, 18, 127; failure to defect from competitive norms in Turkish case, 18, 186–87; and mobilizational asymmetry in party systems, 126–28, 238 index 5] Project MUSE (2024-04-26 14:44 GMT) 154–57; and polarization in party systems, 124 class-based theories of regime formation , 5, 9–11, 198–204 cleavages, 20, 56, 68, 69–71 Cohen, Amnon, 71 Cold War, 69, 185, 192, 206n10 collective action, 20–21, 75; achieving, 76, 84, 105; and formation of political parties, 76, 104–6; among local elites in the Ottoman Empire, 85; obstacles to, 76 Collier, David, 13 Collier, Ruth Berins, 13 Comité des résistants (Tunisia), 110 Committee for Union and Progress (cup) (late Ottoman Empire), 159, 211–12n15; and the “Big Stick” elections of 1912, 92–93; composition of, 89, 90; former members of, in Progressive Republican Party, 166– 67; former members of, in Second Group, 164; and local notables in provinces, 89–93; as “new” Ottoman “center,” 89–90; opposition to, during Second Constitutional Period, 91–93; origins of, 88; during...

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