La Revolución: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History

Chronology of Events, 1911-1928

Chronology of Events, 1911–1928 1911 Madero’s rebellion forces Díaz Construction of a new to resign and leave the country national theater is suspended, in exile in May. not to be resumed and completed until the 1930s. 1911– The presidency of Madero 1913 1911 The proclamation of the Plan Interim President Francisco de Ayala, justifying rebellion León de la Barra inaugurates against the Madero govern- a monument to Morelos in ment, is signed by Emiliano the Ciudadela, Mexico City. Zapata in Morelos. 1912 The rebellion of Pascual Governors Abraham González Orozco against the Madero in Chihuahua and Venustiano government in Chihuahua Carranza in Coahuila restrict the sale of alcoholic beverages 1913 The Madero government is and regulate prostitution, protoppled by a conservative coup hibit gambling, open new and the president and vice- schools, raise teachers’ pay, president are murdered. Gen- begin adult literacy classes, eral Victoriano Huerta be- and maintain the Porfirian comes president. curriculum of civic liberalism. 1913 The proclamation of the Plan Carranza’s Plan de Guadalupe de Guadalupe, justifying rebel- seeks legitimation in national lion against the Huerta govern- history by calling for the resment , is publicized by Venu- toration of the Constitution stiano Carranza, the Made- of 1857. rista governor of Coahuila. 25 r 1913– Civil war rages between the The Huerta regime increases 1914 Huerta government and the spending for education and Constitutionalist movement, studies the problem of land led by First Chief Carranza. distribution. Minor projects are initiated to improve the lives of Indians. In retrospect, the historian Michael Meyer argues, the regime was no counter-revolution, in that it did not seek to reestablish a Porfirian status quo. 1914 The Constitutionalist movement defeats the federal army by the summer, but distrust between Carranza and one of his generals, Francisco Villa, threatens the unity of the victorious coalition. 1914 The Aguascalientes convention When Zapatista forces enter in the fall of the year attempts Mexico City in late 1914 they to prevent conflict between remove the street signs along Carranza and Villa. It fails, and Avenida Madero; Francisco Villa and Zapata form a loose Villa has them restored. alliance against Carranza. 1914 Carranza makes a tactical In retreating, Carranza follows retreat to Veracruz in Novem- the example of Benito Juárez, ber and the forces of Villa and who had moved his governZapata occupy Mexico City. ment to Veracruz in 1859 during the War of the Reform. 1915 “The War of the Winners” is a In this year, Mariano Azuela civil war between Carranza’s publishes Los de abajo, the clasforces and those of Villa and sic novel of the Mexican revoZapata . In a series of decisive lution. The story follows the battles in the spring of 1915, career of a revolutionary, 26 la revolución Carranza’s best general, Demetrio Macías, who is Álvaro Obregón, decisively caught up, without underdefeats Villa. standing why, in what appears to be an endless conflict. 1916– From November to February Carranza places the national 1917 supporters of Carranza meet in iconic image, the eagle clutchconvention in Querétaro and ing a serpent on a nopal cacwrite a new “revolutionary” tus, on national coins for the charter, the Constitution first time. of 1917. 1917– In May 1917, Carranza is The first revolutionary monu1920 elected constitutional ment, to the Serdán brothers, president. is unveiled in the city of Puebla in 1916. The Historical Museum of Churubusco, in 1919 Emiliano Zapata is lured into the southern district of Mexa trap by one of Carranza’s ico City, commemorating the officers and murdered in war with the United States, is April 1919. inaugurated in 1919. 1920 The Plan of Agua Prieta is proclaimed, justifying rebellion against Carranza. 1920 The interim government of Adolfo de la Huerta negotiates a peace agreement with Villa and the leaders of the Zapatista movement. 1920– The election and presidency In 1921 the Obregón regime 1924 of Álvaro Obregón puts on a commemorative extravaganza to rival Díaz’s centennial celebration of Independence. This second Chronology of Events, 1911–1928 27 festival, marking the achievement of Independence, has a more populist character than did the 1910 celebrations. 1922 The remains of Ricardo Flores The great renaissance of MexMag ón are returned to Mexico ican art, the muralist movefrom the United States and ment, begins when Education honored by a state funeral. Secretary...