Imperfect Oracle: The Epistemic and Moral Authority of Science

Index

aaas, 186n, 211, 279 amicus brief in Daubert, 132, 133 founding in 1848, 71 framing in public communications, 267 policies on embryonic stem cell research, 203 science internships, 261 ScientiWc Freedom and Responsibility, 275 abortion, 188 abstract concepts, 96, 97 “abuse of discretion” standard, 158 academic institutions, 277 accountability of science, 121 admissibility of dna evidence: in People v. Castro, 146–47; in State v. Schwartz, 147 of expert testimony, 128 adult stem cells. See stem cells, adult Aªnitak, 257 Agassiz, Louis, 69 Agent Orange, 134–55, 164 Agent Orange Product Liability Litigation, 155 age of the earth, Ussher calculation of, 55 Albert the Great, 43 Alberts, Bruce, 268, 277 Alexandria, culture of, 38 Allchin, Douglas, 47 alleles, 145 Althaus, F., 194 Altimore, M., 249 ama, 212 amicus brief in Daubert case, 132 policies on research with embryonic stem cells, 203 American Association for the Advancement of Science. See aaas American Bar Association (aba), 212 “American Century, The” (Luce), 83 American Chemical Journal, founding of, 74 American Chemical Society, 267 American Civil Liberties Union, 183 American Geophysical Society, 234 American higher education, 74–75 American Life League, 202 American Museum of Natural History, 176 American Petroleum Institute, 235 American science, 67–92 historical roots, 271–76 American scientiWc societies, founding of, 78 American scientists, early, 69–71 Anaximander, 39 Angell, Marcia, 130, 154n animal studies, 160–61 Annas, Julia, 29 anti-evolution activists, 286 anti-evolution legislation, 178 antielitism, 79, 209, 264, 274 appellate judges, 126 applied research, 10 aps, ethical guidelines, 256 Aquinas, Thomas, 43, 44 Arab-Islamic scholars, 42 Aristotle, 40–42, 44 Arrhenius, Svante, theory of global warming, 228 artiWcial insemination, 32 Artigas, Mariano, 48 art procedures, 32, 33, 197 Ascent of Man, The (Bronowski), bbc television series, 90 Assayer, The (Galilei), 47 assisted reproductive technology. See art procedures atmospheric warming, 228 atomic energy, 86 Atomic Energy Commission (aec), 88 atomic weapons, 84 authority boundaries of, 12 charismatic, 22 coercive, 22 cognitive, 21, 23 conXicts of, 260 contests for, 6 cultural, 23, 116 deference to, 19 deWned, 5 of dna proWling, 147–53 epistemic, 21, 23 exercise of, by science, 120 expert, 21, 23; exercise of, 225 index authority (continued) and expertise, 20 of government scientists, 80 of individual scientists, 91 institutional vs. individual, 24 intellectual, 21,23 moral, 6, 23, 29, 117–22 Newton’s, 58 in non-Western societies, 67 physician’s source of, 118–19 rational-legal, 21 religious, deference to, 67 sources of, 21, 117–20 sources of, vs. nature of, 23 theoretical, 19 within science, 104–5 authority of science. See scientiWc authority Averroes, 42–43 Augustine, Saint, biblical interpretation of creation story, 44 autonomy, 34–37, 270 arguments for, 275 exercise of, requirements for, 99 meaning for scientists, 90 for natural sciences research, 209 as requisite for moral authority, 34 of science: advocacy for by Vannevar Bush, 88; challenge to from religious authority, 202; constraints on, 35; conditions for, 94; dependence on internal authority, 106; limits to, for individual scientists, 34; maintenance of, 107; of social science research, 210 Auzot, Adrien, 57 Ayala, Francisco, J., 134–35 “Baby 81,” conWrmation of parentage, 144 Bacon, Francis, 52 bacteria, 93 Bainbridge, William Sims, 168 Bala, G., 230n Barnes, Barry, 109 Barnes, David W., 159 Barrett, James P., 241 Barton, Joseph (Rep.), 237, 238 basic research, 9, 79, 84 basic science Vannevar Bush’s support for, 273 in post–World War II era, 272–74 rise of, in America, 78 Behe, Michael, 180, 181 Beil, Laura, 286 Belenky, Mary Field, 291 belief systems, 171 Bellarmine, Robert (Cardinal), 46, 47 Bell Laboratories, 36, 255–56 Ben-David, Joseph, 72 Bendectin in Daubert litigation, 131, 158 implications in birth defects, 157 in Richardson v. Richardson-Merrell litigation, 157 Bender, Thomas, 24 Benedick, Richard Elliot, 221n, 226, 231 Benedictine clerical order, 43 Berg, Paul, 246, 247 Berger, Margaret, 158, 159 Bernstein, David E., 130, 154n Bethe, Hans, 91 Biagioli, Mario, 46, 48 Bible, 171, 175, 177 biblical interpretation, 77, 179–80 Bieber, Frederick B., 147 biological activity spectra, 161 Bird, Kai, 91 birth defects, incidence of, 157 birth rates, in European countries, 194 birth control pill, 191 blastocyst, 32, 197 Black, Bert, 134–35 Blackburn, Elizabeth, 215 Blackmore, Susan, 250 Blackmun, Harry (judge), majority opinion in Daubert, 131 Bloembergen, N., amicus brief in Daubert, 133 blogs, science-related, 252 blood-alcohol level, test for, 4 Bloom, Paul, 194, 283 Bloor, David, 109 boards, publicly constituted, 282 Bok, Derek, 277 Boyer, Joseph, 241 Boyle, Robert, 39, 55...