Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: Converging Paths?

Index

abolition in Brazil: African Brazilians on, 43, 54, 56; anniversary celebrations of, 70–71, 237, 252; Black Guard on, 57–58; brotherhoods and, 43; Free Coloreds on, 33, 53; Gama and, 54–55, 77; gradualist approach to, 54–55, 54 n. 1; law enacting, 56; racial resistance in, 76–77; ternary racial project after, 40–51 in U.S.: binary racial project after, 104–18; Free Coloreds after, status of, 92–93; Thirteenth Amendment on, 105, 105 n. 11 Academy of Letters, Brazilian, 60 ACT Testing Service, 229 n. 21 Adams-Onís Treaty (1819), 109, 110 adoption, transracial, 163, 168 advertising in Brazil: African Brazilians targeted by, 238; in 1990 census campaign, 252 in U.S., on Racial Privacy Initiative, 271 Advisory Committee on Race, 232 affirmation, racial, in Brazil, 240–44 affirmative action in Brazil: backlash against, 288; opposition to, 244, 288–89; problems with implementation of, 243–44; support for, 241–43, 258, 290; Supreme Court on, 288–89; at universities, 285–92; U.S. influence on, 243, 243 n. 6, 288–89 in U.S.: backlash against, 210–13; Black Experimental Theater and, 73; and black middle class, 214 n. 9; and Brazilian race relations, 178; class-based, 266; dismantling of, 210; gender-based, 211; multiracial identifier and, 224; for patterns of discrimination, 221; pluralism of, 147; political right on, 210–12, 264, 266; public opinion of, 212 n. 7, 264; Supreme Court on, 259–67, 289; at universities, 259–67 Affirmative Action Expert Group, 289 Afonso Arinos Law (Brazil, 1951), 74, 177, 240 Africa. See also South Africa; West Africa art of, 60 culture of: in Brazil, 36–37, 49, 74; in U.S., 87–88 decolonization of, 185 Egypt as part of, 23–24, 103, 217 freed slaves emigrating to, 42–43 origin of humans in, xi, 21, 103 African(s) African Americans as, 88 humanity of, 19, 21 Muslim, as slaves, 17 symbology of blackness of, 19–20 African Americans after abolition, 104–18 African influences on, 87–88 American vs. racial creed and, 103, 106–8 as Americans vs. Africans, 88 and amnesia, racial, 210–15 Black Experimental Theater on, 73–74 in bourgeoisie, 206–9, 214, 214 n. 9 Brazilian culture influenced by, 60, 185 Brazilian race relations and, 175–76 in census, 96–97, 219, 222 index citizenship for, 101–2, 101 n. 8 civil rights for (see affirmative action; civil rights movement) colorism among, 126, 135–36, 201, 204–5 Creoles of color as, 130, 136–37, 161–62 culture of, 60, 87–88, 185 Directive No. 15 on, 222 education of, 144, 202 eeoc on, 279 in elected office, 206 n. 2 elite of (see multiracial elite) essentialism of, 216–19 in Harlem Renaissance, 112–15 identity of (see identity, African American) in labor force, 108, 207–8 language of, 88 literature by, 60 multigenerational individuals as, 163 as multiracial, 116, 223, 227 with multiracial identity, 114–15, 223 multiracial identity opposed by, 201, 218, 223, 223 n. 11, 227, 281–82 music of, 60, 185 on one-drop rule, attachment to, 217, 283–84 passing by (see passing) segregation of (see segregation) skin color of, 123, 125–26, 201–5 triracial isolates as, 127–28, 129–30 voting rights for, 107, 108, 143 women, 203–6 African Brazilian Union, 70–71 African Brazilians after abolition, 40–51 in abolitionist movement, 43, 54, 56 affirmative action for, 241–44, 258, 285–92 black consciousness and, 185–88 in Black Experimental Theater, 72–75, 81–84 in Black Front, 61–67, 78–81 in Black Guard, 57–59, 77–78 brotherhoods of, 43, 50 in census: of 1890, 37; of 1990, 249–55; of 2000, 255–58; identifier for, 292–93 in colonial period, 29, 36–38 culture of: African influences on, 36–37, 49; attempted eradication of, 38; in Black Experimental Theater, 72–75, 81–84; in Black Front, 81; in black movement, 185–88; in brasilidade, 68–71; revitalization of, 238, 258 defining, problems with, 291–92 education of, 51, 62, 65, 80, 189–90, 285 336 index in elected office, 195–96, 197–98 essentialism of, 244–46, 294 under Goulart, 182, 194 identity of (see identity, African Brazilian) in interracial marriages, 29 in labor force, 40, 45, 47–49, 64, 190–91 literature by, 53–56 as majority population, 256–58 under military rule, 183–84 in modernism, 61 mulattoes as, 193 in national identity, 61 “nations” of, 42, 44 in northern states, 42–45...