Sex and Character: An Investigation of Fundamental Principles

Appendix: Additions and References

Appendix: Additions and References Introduction to First Part (P. 9, l. 1) The term “intermediate generalizations” is taken from John Stuart Mill. —On the development of a conceptual system of thinking as described, see E. Mach, Die Analyse der Emp¤ndungen etc., 3rd ed., Jena 1902, pp. 242f. [Contributions to the Analysis of the Sensations, translated by C. M. Williams, Bristol 1998]. (P. 10, ll. 23ff.) See Ludwig Boltzmann, Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie [On the second theorem of mechanical heat], Almanach der k.k. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, year 36, p. 255: “How striking is the difference between animal and plant, and yet the simple forms continuously merge into one another, so that some are precisely on the borderline , representing both animals and plants. The individual species are usually most sharply distinguished in natural history, but occasionally continuous transitions occur.” On the relationship between chemical compounds and mixtures, see F. Wald, Kritische Studie über die wichtigsten chemischen Grundbegriffe [Critical study of the most important fundamental concepts of chemistry ], Annalen der Naturphilosophie, I, 1902, pp. 181ff. (P. 10, l. 10) For example, Paul Bartels’s very detailed study Über Geschlechtsunterschiede am Schädel [On sexual differences of the skull], Berlin 1897, arrives at the conclusion (p. 94): “so far we are not aware of any fundamental difference between the male and female skull. . . . Any recognizable differences prove to be characteristics of the respective male and female average and show a larger or smaller number of exceptions.” (P. 100): “A conclusive identi¤cation of the sex is not currently possible and will, I fear, never be possible.” (P. 11, l. 12) Konrad Rieger, Die Kastration in rechtlicher, sozialer und vitaler Hinsicht [Castration from a legal, social, and vital point of view], Jena 1900, p. 35: “Anybody who has seen a large number of naked people will know from experience that, on the one hand, there are many women whose pelvis is ‘male’ and that, on the other hand, there are many men whose pelvis is ‘female.’ . . . As is generally known, it is therefore by no means always possible to identify the sex of a skeleton.” Part 1, Chapter I (P. 12, l. 8) Before Heinrich Rathke (Beobachtungen und Betrachtungen über die Entwicklung der Geschlechtswerkzeuge bei den Wirbeltieren [Observations and re®ections on the development of the sexual organs of vertebrates], Halle 1825. Neueste Schriften der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig, vol. I, no. 4), Tiedemann’s belief that all embryos were originally female and the testicles had come into being through a further development of the ovaries generally prevailed. (Cf. Richard Semon, Die indifferente Anlage der Keimdr üsen beim Hühnchen und ihre Differenzierung zum Hoden [The indifferent arrangement of the gonads in chicks and their differentiation into the testicle], postdoctoral thesis, Jena 1887, pp. 1f.). Rathke (pp. 121f.) adduced many arguments against the view that the male sex is a more highly developed form of the female, and was the ¤rst to arrive at the conclusion: “All . . . observations reported in this work con¤rm that any recognizable differentiation in respect of the sexes between male and female organisms is entirely missing in the earliest phase of life. At least this is the case in respect to the internal sexual organs, for as far as the external ones are concerned I can for the most part only judge by the experiences of others, not my own. These experiences of others, however, also seem to indicate the identical nature of those external features. It may thus be maintained that originally, at least among vertebrates, the sexes, within the limits of sensory perception, are identical.” This view was further examined, con¤rmed, and ¤nally established in the works of Johannes Müller (Bildungsgeschichte der Genitalien [Developmental history of the genitals], Düsseldorf 1830), Valentin (Über die Entwicklung der Follikel in den Eierstöcken der Säugetiere [On the development of the follicle in the ovaries of mammals], Müllers Archiv 1838, pp. 103f.), R. Remak (Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung der Wirbeltiere [Studies in the development of vertrebrates]), and Wilhelm Waldeyer (Eierstock und Ei [Ovary and ovum], 1870). (P. 12, l. 10) For plants this has only recently been demonstrated in K. Goebel ’s treatise “Über Homologien in der Entwicklung männlicher und weiblicher Geschlechtsorgane” [On homologies in the development of male and female sexual organs], Flora oder allgemeine botanische Zeitung, vol. XC, 1902, pp. 279– 305). Goebel shows how in plants also male and female organs develop from an original...