Commemorations and the Shaping of Modern Poland

NOTES

NOTES Unless otherwise stated, all translations are my own. INTRODUCTION 1. In his study of the commemoration, Józef Buszko fleshes out the varied reactions to the discovery of liberal and conservative Poles as well as the concerns of the religious and secular authorities. (Józef Buszko, Uroczystosœci kazimierzowskie na Wawelu w roku 1869 [Kraków: Ministerstwo Kultury i Sztuki, Zarzaíd Muzeów i Ochrony Zabytków, 1970].)í 2. Buszko termed this a “counter-manifestation on the part of tsardom” (ibid., 86). While the decision to remove signs of Polishness from the school had been made earlier, the immediate sending of a telegram to Warsaw underscored the desire of the authorities to link the undesirable Polish commemoration with the new anti-Polish decree. 3. [Józef Ignacy Kraszewski], Rachunki z roku 1869 przez B. Boles`awite,í from 7 July 1869, 300–301, cited in ibid., 13. 4. See Invention of Tradition, ed. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), especially the concluding chapter by Hobsbawm, “Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870–1914,” 263–307; and David Cannadine, “The Context, Performance and Meaning of Ritual: The British Monarchy and the ‘Invention of Tradition’, c. 1820–1977,” in ibid., 138. Cannadine called this period a “golden age of ‘invented traditions.’” The term “official nationalism” (originally from Hugh Seton-Watson’s Nations and States) is discussed by Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. ed. (London and New York: Verso, 1991), chap. 6. 5. Eric Hobsbawm, “Introduction: Inventing Traditions,” in Invention of Tradition, 4–5. 6. The more patriotic Polish priests sidestepped the intent by reading the announcements in Latin—or by mumbling such that the faithful could hardly hear. 7. Daniel Unowsky nonetheless suggests that imperial ceremonial in the Habsburg lands was transformed after 1848—if not in a national vein. (Daniel Louis Unowsky, “The Pomp and Politics of Patriotism: Imperial Celebrations in Habsburg Austria, 1848–1916” [Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 2000].) Similar conclusions are presented in idem, “Reasserting Empire: Habsburg Imperial Celebrations after the Revolutions of 1848–1849,” in Staging the Past: The Politics of Commemoration in Habsburg Central Europe, 1848 to the Present , ed. Maria Bucur and Nancy M. Wingfield (West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, 2001), 13–45. 8. Cannadine, “British Monarchy,” 111. 9. Richard Wortman, “Moscow and Petersburg: The Problem of Political Center in Tsarist Russia, 1881–1914,” in Rites of Power: Symbolism, Ritual, and Politics since the Middle Ages, ed. Sean Wilentz (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985), 244–71, esp. 250–51. For more on the Russian case, see idem, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, 2 vols. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995–2000). 10. English-language works include Maurice Agulhon, “Politics, Images, and Symbols in Post-Revolutionary France,” in Rites of Power, 177–205; Charles Rearick, “Festivals in Modern France: The Experience of the Third Republic,” Journal of Contemporary History 12 (1977): 435–60; Alon Confino, The Nation as a Local Metaphor: Württemberg, Imperial Germany, and National Memory, 1871–1918 (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1997); Michael Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991). 11. Marcus C. Levitt, Russian Literary Politics and the Pushkin Celebration of 1880 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989); Charles Rearick, “Festivals and Politics: The Michelet Centennial of 1898,” in Historians in Politics, ed. Walter Laqueur and George L. Mosse (London and Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1974), 59–78; Rainer Noltenius , “Schiller als Führer und Heiland: Das Schillerfest 1859 als nationaler Traum von der Geburt des zweiten deutschen Kaiserreichs,” in Öffentliche Festkultur: Politische Feste in Deutschland von der Aufklärung bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg, ed. Dieter Düding, Peter Friedemann , and Paul Munch (Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1988), 237–58. 12. Anderson, Imagined Communities, 194. 13. This was the journal Kwartalnik Historyczny. 14. John R. Gillis, “Introduction: Memory and Identity: The History of a Relationship ,” in Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity, ed. John R. Gillis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 5. 15. Jonathan Sperber, “Festivals of National Unity in the German Revolution of 1848/49,” Past and Present 136 (1992): 138; Rearick, “Festivals in Modern France,” 437. 16. Peter Carrier, “Historical Traces of the Present: The Uses of Commemoration,” Historical Reflections 22, no. 2 (1996): 435. 17. This wonderful metaphor comes from Anderson, Imagined Communities, 86. 18. Miroslav Hroch, Social Preconditions of National Revival in Europe: A...