Richard G. Lugar, Statesman of the Senate: Crafting Foreign Policy from Capitol Hill

Preface

Preface Richard G. Lugar has been one of the most influential U.S. senators in the realm of foreign policy for more than a quarter of a century. While he has not always attracted as much attention as some of his Senate colleagues, Lugar’s accomplishments place him in the upper echelon of his contemporaries. He will, I believe, be remembered in the top tier of Senate foreign policy heavyweights, in the company of such historically significant senators as Arthur Vandenberg, Henry Jackson, and J. William Fulbright. Assessing his current work and long-term legacy requires that an analyst confront important and difficult questions: Can a politician also be a statesman? What is the relationship between statesmanship and effectiveness in Congress? Is statesmanship still an effective operating strategy in this charged and polarized political environment ? What are the costs and benefits for a lawmaker in adopting the role of a statesman? I’ve covered Capitol Hill for more than 20 years as a congressional reporterandhavehadtheopportunitytoobservemanysenatorsclosely, including Robert Dole, George Mitchell, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, JohnDanforth,EdwardKennedy,AlGore,MarkHatfield,JohnChafee, Lloyd Bentsen, Bill Bradley, John Warner, and Sam Nunn. Lugar has long intrigued me as a throwback to an earlier era when many senators developed expertise in particular areas and embraced the rewards and responsibilities of national leadership. They were effective politicians who were also able and willing to take the long view. Now, in an increasingly polarized, hyper-partisan Washington, senators who place their primary emphasis on advancing the national good are rare. A lifelong Preface xii and loyal Republican, Lugar is usually willing to put his party label aside and work with members of both parties to tackle the nation’s most serious problems. His most significant collaborations have been with Democrats such as Sam Nunn, Joe Biden, and Barack Obama. When Time magazine ran profiles of the ten most effective senators several years ago, Lugar was included and called simply “The Wise Man.” The article described him as principled, tough, cool-headed, and ahead of the curve on many policy matters. “He is a quiet, intelligent, steady force,” former senator Bob Kerrey, a long-time Lugar colleague, told Time. “He’s unmovable when he reaches a conclusion about what ought to be done.”1 DuringhistenureintheSenate,Lugarhasachievedsomeimportant successes, including creation of the landmark Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program that has made the United States and the world more secure. He has pushed for the United States to be a powerful actor on the world stage, part of a community of nations that respects the rule of law and international norms. There have also been setbacks.LugarchairedtheForeignRelationsCommitteewhentheIraq war was launched in 2003 and continued to head up the panel during thecriticalyearsof thewar.Some,includingseveralof Lugar’sstrongest supporters, believe that the senator should have been far more forceful in outlining his concerns about the war. They believe that Lugar, almost uniquely, had the stature to challenge the Bush administration to reassess its plans for the war in Iraq. Instead, he opted for expressing reservations in private meetings—reservations that were largely brushed aside. Though he was well informed and even prescient about the war’s risks, he had only a modest impact on the administration’s Iraq policy. One question that we will consider is whether a more combative style, such as that used by Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman J. William Fulbright during the Vietnam War, would have been more effective. Students of the current Senate question whether Lugar’s careful , methodical approach to developing policy can still persuade fellow lawmakersinapoliticalenvironmentthatissopolarizedandcombative. There are some paradoxes, or at least interesting complexities, surrounding Lugar. He is a conservative Republican who breaks from prevailingpartyviewsinsuchareasasenvironmentalprotection ,conserva- Preface xiii tion, federal nutrition programs, international law, global institutions such as the United Nations, aggressive HIV/AIDS programs, robust diplomacy, and generous foreign aid. Though modest and self-deprecating , he has a lawmaker’s penchant for naming things after himself, or at leastallowingotherstodoso.Hisnationalsecurityprogramisknownas theLugarDoctrine,hisideasonenergy,theLugarEnergyInitiative.He has named scores of awards and internships after himself. There is even the Richard G. Lugar School Food Service Employee of the Year award, given by Indiana’s Department of Education to the school food service employee who demonstrates the most outstanding professionalism. Though Lugar remains involved in Congress’s legislative struggles, he also has a broader conception of the role of the senator as a kind of statesman who undertakes long-term projects for the national...