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453 Glossary adventive Not native; a species that has moved in from somewhere else; used especially in botany allelopathic Chemical secretions of plants or their fungal associates that poison or reduce the growth rates of competitors, usually other plant species ammocetes Larval stages of lamprey annual Plant which grows from seeds each year anticline A fold of stratified rock that bows up in the center and has its oldest rocks at its core. beach Especially the sandy shore of Lake Michigan, an area washed by wave action, which thus lacks plant growth; also can be found on smaller lakes or streams benthic Bottom levels of a body of water biennial Plant which grows for two years, producing roots, stems, and leaves the first year, and flowers and fruit the second year biodiversity The number of species present in a situation biotic integrity The capacity of an area to support and maintain an appropriate diversity of organisms to allow for a functional adaptive system comparable to natural habitat of the same type blind valley A valley formed from a stream that has dissolved away bedrock leaving behind steep walls at its head bog A pond or lake overgrown with or covered by a floating mat of vegetation, usually including many plants of the heath family (Ericaceae) borrow pit Pond often left along highways when earth is removed (“borrowed”) to use for building bridges or other needs brake A clump of brush or other vegetation breeding bird A species which has its young in the state as opposed to one which merely migrates through channelize To straighten, deepen, or widen a ditch or creek to assist rapid drainage of the land conservation tillage Utilization of erosion control measures, including no-till farming cool-water stream Stream with temperatures between 22–26° C CP1 Plantings of non-native grasses and legumes to reduce soil erosion, improve water quality, and create or enhance wildlife habitat CP2 Plantings of native grasses and forbs or legumes to reduce soil erosion, improve water quality, and create or enhance wildlife habitat CP10 Managing existing grass or grass/legume cover to reduce soil erosion, improve water quality, and create or enhance wildlife habitat dip slope The erosion surface of a tilted geologic bed. It gets its name from how geologists measure the strike (direction of the axial plane) and dip (angle of the plane from horizontal) of geological units. dune Rounded hill or ridge of sand formed by blowing wind; may be “captured” by Ammophila (beach grass) or other dune-forming plants early seral Early community in the successional series early successional Early community in the successional series, such as annual forb or grass stages ecological sink An area in which organisms fail to adequately survive and/or reproduce, therefore the population relies on immigration from source populations to maintain population numbersecological trap: See ecological sink ecoregion A major area of similar ecological characteristics, such as a desert or an eastern deciduous forest edaphic Relating to or determined by conditions of the soil endophytic A plant or other organism that grows within a plant, such as the fungus in certain strains of fescue ephemeral Existing for a brief time; ephemeral ponds or streams dry up in summer, ephemeral annuals last a short time epikarst The interval below the soil and above the bedrock, consisting of a network of intersecting fissures and cavities that collect and transport surface water and nutrients underground escarpment A long cliff or steep slope separating two comparatively level surfaces; resulting from erosion or faulting, typically demarcates the boundary of two physiographic regions exotic A species not native to the place where found. See also non-indigenous extinct A species no longer present anywhere extirpated A species no longer present in certain areas, but still present elsewhere fen A wetland community where groundwater flows to the surface in a diffuse manner. The seepage is commonly through an organic substrate, such as peat, muck, or marl. first bottom The floodplain terrace immediately adjacent to the stream channel first terrace See terrace forbs Herbaceous (nonwoody) plants other than ferns and their allies and the grasslike (graminoid) plants (grasses, sedges, rushes, etc.) and related groups, i.e., generally the flowering plants fragipan A formally defined diagnostic subsurface horizon in the U.S. Soil Taxonomy that is more 454 Glossary than 15 cm thick and undergoes brittle failure when struck; usually impedes root penetration graminoid Grasslike plant great river Larger river, too large to sample with seine and hip boots...

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