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Contents Acknowledgments vii ONE Political Openings and the Transformation of Authoritarian Rule in the Middle East and North Africa 3 TWO Sustaining Authoritarianism during the Third Wave of Democracy 17 THREE The Old Authoritarianism 31 FOUR The New Authoritarianism 88 FIVE Political Openings without PatronageBased Privatization and Single-Party Institutional Legacies 193 SIX Transitions from the New MENA Authoritarianism to Democracy? 201 Notes 211 Bibliography 245 Index 265 ...

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