Nikkei Baseball: Japanese American Players from Immigration and Internment to the Major Leagues

Notes

Notes Chapter 1. Baseball in Nikkei America 1.GaryOtake,“ACenturyofJapaneseAmericanBaseball,”JapaneseAmericanBaseball History Project, 3. 2.KerryYoNakagawa,ThroughaDiamond:100YearsofJapaneseAmericanBaseball(San Francisco: Rudi Publishing, 2001), 134–35. 3. Ibid., 140. 4. Ibid. 5. Yeichi Sakaguchi interview, August 19, 1991, Cortez, California. 6. Brian Niiya, ed., More Than a Game: Sport in the Japanese American Community (Los Angeles: Japanese American National Museum, 2000), 21. 7. Wayne Maeda, Changing Dreams and Treasured Memories: A Story of Japanese Americans in the Sacramento Region (Sacramento, Calif.: Japanese American Citizens League, 2000), 149. 8. Otake, “Japanese American Baseball,” 3. Chapter 2. The New Bushido 1.DonaldRoden,“BaseballandtheQuestforNationalDignityinMeijiJapan,”American Historical Review 85 (June 1980): 520. 2.GeraldR.Gems,TheAthleticCrusade:SportandAmericanCulturalImperialism(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006), 32. 3. Peter Duus, Modern Japan, 2nd ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998), 61. Duus claims, “Some historians argue that . . . long-term trends were pushing Japan in the direction of radical, perhaps even revolutionary change. Whether such was the case is a question not easily answered, since pressures toward a change from within were suddenly overwhelmed by a series of decisive shocks from without . . .”; Andrew Regalado_Text.indd 145 10/24/12 4:54 PM 146 Notes to Chapter 2 Gordon,AModernHistoryofJapan:FromTokugawaTimetothePresent(NewYork:Oxford University Press, 2008). Gordon concurs with Duus and claims, “From the early 1800s throughthe1860s,theveryprocessofdealingwiththepushybarbarianscreatedmodern Japanese nationalism.” As such, Gordon argues, “. . . the Tokugawa claims to be Japan’s legitimate defender began to wither.” 4. Kenneth B. Pyle, The Making of Modern Japan (Toronto: D.C. Heath, 1996), 60. 5. Ibid., 62. 6. W. G. Beasley, The Modern History of Japan, 2nd ed. (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1974), 152. 7. Pyle, Making of Modern Japan, 67–68. 8. Ibid., 69. 9.BenjaminG.Rader,Baseball:AHistoryofAmerica’sNationalGame(Urbana:University of Illinois Press, 1992), 11. 10. Steven M. Gelber, “Working at Playing: The Culture of the Workplace and the Rise of Baseball,” Journal of Social History 16 (June 1983): 3–22. 11. Edward M. Burns, The American Idea of Mission: Concepts of National Purpose and Destiny (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1957), 16. 12. Roden, “Baseball,” 517. 13. Peter Levine, A. G. Spalding and the Rise of Baseball: The Promise of American Sport (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 100. 14. Rader, Baseball, 46. 15.Itshouldbenotedthatbaseball,priortoitsappearanceinJapan,hadalreadybeen in existence in Asia. Author Gerald R. Gems, in The Athletic Crusade: Sport and American Cultural Imperialism (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006), notes that in 1863 baseball clubs were seen in the Chinese city of Shanghai. 16. Gems, Athletic Crusade, 31. 17. Mariam Johnston, “Gorham Man’s Gift to Japan: A National Pastime; Horace Wilson Took His Japanese Students Out to Play in 1872 and Planted a Love of Baseball.” Portland Press Herald, May 20, 2007, available at http://pressherald.mainetoday.com/ story.php?id=106835&ac=PHspt (accessed January 15, 2009). 18. “Hiraoka Hiroshi,” Baseball Reference.com, available at http://www.baseball -reference.com/bullpen/Hiraoka_Hiroshi (accessed January 15, 2009). 19. Kenneth B. Pyle, The New Generation in Meiji Japan: Problems of Cultural Identity, 1885–1895(Stanford,Calif.:StanfordUniversityPress,1969),39.Itshouldbenotedthatthe Darwinian model did not appeal to all of the Japanese policy makers who ruled in that era.InoueTetsujiro,forinstance,wroteextensivelyonthisambivalence.Theprinciples ofSpenceriantheory,toInoue,werealarming.“Hisfears,”Pylepointsout,“werebased on the conviction that Japanese could not survive competition with the superior races of Western countries” (Pyle, New Generation, 110). 20. Roden, “Baseball,” 513. 21. Ibid., 519. Regalado_Text.indd 146 10/24/12 4:54 PM 147 Notes to Chapter 2 22. Beasley, Modern History of Japan, 154. 23. “History of Kendo.” All Japan Kendo Federation, available at http://www.kendo -fik.org/english-page/english-page2/brief-history-of-kendo.htm (accessed September 18, 2011). 24. Roden, “Baseball,” 519. 25. Ronald Story, “The Country of the Young: The Meaning of Baseball in Early American Culture,” in David K. Wiggins, ed., Sport in America: From Wicked Amusement to National Obsession (Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics, 1995), 125. 26. Roden, “Baseball,” 517. 27.C.HowardHopkins,HistoryoftheYMCAinNorthAmerica(NewYork:Association Press,1951),322.Thehighnumberofconvertsinthe1880s,itshouldbenoted,weredriven not so much by the desire to become full-fledged Christians but as another means to eventuallydissolvethe“unequaltreaties.”Indeed,asHopkinspointedout,inthe1890s “whenalleffortstoendthetreatiesfailed,aseriousantiforeignanimusdeveloped,with rising resentment shown against missionaries and Christianity.” (321–32) 28. Ibid., 328. 29. Roden, “Baseball,” 519. 30. Ibid., 516. 31. Pyle, New Generation, 33, 36. 32. Ibid., 33. 33. Ronald Story, “Country of the Young,” 122. 34.Pyle,NewGeneration,37.Tokutomi,oneneedstoknow,wasnotonlyasymbolfor rebelliousyouth...