Detroit's Cold War: The Origins of Postwar Conservatism

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. Nicholas Schorn, “Why the Block Rosary,” Our Lady of the Cape, February 1952, 7–10; Michigan Catholic, April 10, 1952, 5. 2. B. E. Hutchinson, Chairman of the Finance Committee, Chrysler, “A United Front for Business” Detroiter, January 9, 1950, 7. 3. Patrick Allitt, The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 173. 4. Gary Gerstle,“Race and the Myth of the Liberal Consensus,” Journal of American History 82, no. 2 (September 1995): 579; Trilling quote from Leo Ribuffo, “Conservatism and American Politics,” Journal of the Historical Society 3, no. 2 (Spring 2003): 165. 5.Alan Brinkley,“The Problem of American Conservatism,” American Historical Review 99, no. 2 (April 1994): 409. 6. Matthew D. Lassiter, The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007). 7. Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996). 8. Lisa McGirr, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002), 10–12. 9. Kim Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands: The Making of the Conservative Movement from the New Deal to Reagan (New York: Norton, 2009); Elizabeth Tandy Shermer,“Origins of the Conservative Ascendancy: Barry Goldwater’s Early Senate Career and the De-legitimization of Organized Labor,” Journal of American History (December 2008): 678–709. 10. Allan J. Lichtman, White Protestant Nation: The Rise of the American Conservative Movement. (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2008), 2. 11. Patrick Allitt, The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities throughout American History (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2009), 173. 12. As David M. Kennedy has argued, the late 1930s saw the emergence of “the first systematic expressions of antigovernment political philosophy [which] had deep roots in American political culture but only an inchoate existence before the New Deal.”These years marked a critical turning point in the history of twentieth-century conservatism.“The crystallization of this new conservative ideology, as much as the New Deal that precipitated its articulation, was among the enduring legacies of the 1930s.”David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945 (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1999), 341. 13. Julian E. Zelizer,“Rethinking the History of American Conservatism,”Reviews in American History 38, no. 2 (2010): 388. 14. According to Berenice Baldwin, an FBI informer and Communist Party membership secretary, almost every industrial center in the state of Michigan had a Communist cell. The party had sixty-seven active cells in the Detroit area in 1947. John J. Najduch, “Red Strength in Detroit Outlined 5 Years Ago,” Detroit News, February 27, 1952. For more on the Detroit Loyalty Program, see chapter 1. 15. As Morton Keller argues, “We can see that what emerged from the New Deal and World War Two was not xenophobia and standpattism (Japanese-American internment and segregated armed forces to the contrary notwithstanding). Rather, the basic New Deal themes of a broad, inclusive, democratic cultural nationalism, and a readiness to use federal programs and deficit financing when necessary to secure prosperity and meet large domestic or international needs, turned out to be the primary characteristics of American public life during the second half of the twentieth century.” Morton Keller,“The New Deal: A New Look,” Polity (Summer 1999): 660. 16. Eric Arnesen, “No ‘Graver Danger’: Black Anticommunism, the Communist Party, and the Race Question,” Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas 3 (Winter 2006): 19–20; Manfred Berg, “Black Civil Rights and Liberal Anticommunism: The NAACP in the Early Cold War,” Journal of American History (June 2007): 75–96. 17. The membership statistics are from the 1950 Official Catholic Directory and are quoted in Michigan Catholic, June 1, 1950, 1. While 70 percent of Catholics attended Mass at least once a week during the 1950s, only one-third of Protestants attended weekly services. Gerhard Lenski, The Religious Factor: A Sociological Study of Religion’s Impact on Politics, Economics, And Family Life (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1961), 34.The total population of the Detroit urbanized area was 2,659,398. United States Bureau of the Census, United States Census of Population: 1950, vol. 2, Characteristics of the Population, pt. 22, Michigan (Washington, D.C.): GPO, 1952. The boundaries of the archdiocese and the urbanized area as defined by the census do not correspond. Chapter 1. New Deal Detroit, Communism, and Anti-Communism 1. Reynolds Farley, Sheldon Danziger, Harry...