Traduire l’exil: Das Exil Übersetzen by Michaela Enderle-Ristori (review)

what point in their training? The goals of programs and the needs of students should be paramount in making these decisions, but it is also important for teachers themselves to be aware of linguistic variation and to know where to find innovative pedagogical materials. This volume serves as a useful resource for considering these issues and serves its intended readership well. Harvard University (MA) Stacey Katz Bourns Enderle-Ristori, Michaela. Traduire l’exil: Das Exil Übersetzen. Tours: PU François-Rabelais, 2011. ISBN 978-2-87706-642-6. Pp. 227. 18 a. Bringing together historians and literary critics, this volume addresses the political relationship between exile and translation in a specific geographical space—the cultural transfer from Germany to France—and at a particular historical moment, the years 1933 to 1945. Four essays look at the challenges Jewish German-language writers experienced in French exile and in French translation. Deborah Viëtor-Engländer focuses on Alfred Kerr, who at 65 was forced to flee with his young family to France. Once in exile, the German theater critic was not only cut off from his audiences but also from the language in which he wrote. Thus, Viëtor-Engländer argues, Kerr not only lost his characteristic style but also his social critique. Carl Einstein, as Marianne Kröger explains, had valuable French connections to the art scene—Picasso, Braque, and the Cubist art dealer Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler were his personal friends—as well as to the publishing world long before he took up residence in Paris in 1928. Well respected, Einstein, who was fluent in French, found work as an art critique and translator until 1933, after which he economically struggled in what he called an “artless” time. While Kerr survived the war in England, the Leftist Einstein, who in 1936 left Paris to fight in the Spanish Civil War, committed suicide upon returning to now German-occupied France, where his life was once again in danger. Unlike Kerr and Einstein, Lion Feuchtwanger was no Francophile. Frédéric Teinturier maintains that Feuchtwanger’s ambivalent attitude towards France,a country that he critically portrays in The Devil in France should be read as the“aesthetic critic”rather than as a straightforward portrayal of France. Deliberating why the mediocre memoirs of Viennese journalist and salon hostess Bertha Zuckerkandl were instantly translated into French and English when she went into French exile in 1938, Sigurd Scheichl suggests that they had, from the beginning, been written with a Francophone audience in mind, an audience that she believed would share her opposition to Nazi Germany’s annexation of Austria while wishing for an ongoing Austrian-French cultural exchange. The remaining essays analyze the politics of translation. Looking at which French translators were still translating German exile texts after 1933 (Sylvie Aprile), or how French writers in the resistance viewed Germany’s literary and cultural heritage from before 1933 198 FRENCH REVIEW 87.2 Reviews 199 (Isabella Kalinowski on René Char), or, for example, how German exile texts are being translated today (Roussel and Schulte on Anna Seghers), these articles emphasize the social role of literature and language during times of national crisis. Equally of interest is Patrice Arnaud’s essay in which he provides a linguistic portrait of the 600,000 Frenchmen who were sent to Nazi Germany as forced laborers between 1942 and 1945. Concluding that the majority of these Frenchmen did not know German beforehand,he describes the strategies that helped them cope in the foreign language and the rational and political success behind each choice. Pennsylvania State University Bettina Brandt Schneider-Mizony, Odile, et Maurice Sachot, éd. Normes et normativité en éducation: entre tradition et rupture. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2011. ISBN 978-2-29656856 -3. Pp. 188. 19 a. The eleven contributors to this volume seek to interrogate the epistemological construct of the “norm,” with the goal of destabilizing its signification. Such a move is critical: rather than belonging to the domain of uncontested sacral dogma, norms serve to mediate between subject and object. Moreover, they are socially constructed, or more precisely, politically motivated instruments of control and authority, whose articulation and adoration generate considerable academic capital. This admixture of...