Are There Both Causal and Non-Causal Explanations of a Rocket's Acceleration?

A typical textbook explanation of a rocket's motion when its engine is fired appeals to momentum conservation: the rocket accelerates forward because its exhaust accelerates rearward and the system's momentum must be conserved. This paper examines how this explanation works, considering three challenges it faces. First, the explanation does not proceed by describing the forces causing the rocket's motion. Second, the rocket's motion has a causal-mechanical explanation involving those forces. Third, if momentum conservation and the rearward motion of the rocket's exhaust explain why the rocket accelerates forward, then presumably momentum conservation and the rocket's forward motion likewise explain why the rocket emits exhaust rearward. Explanatory circularity threatens to follow from this pair of explanations. This paper examines how the conservation-law explanation works and how it is compatible with the causal-mechanical explanation. The paper argues that these two explanations do not explain precisely the same fact relative to the same contrast class. The paper interprets the two conservation-law explanations as non-causal and argues that they yield no explanatory circularity.