Disguise and Defiance: German Jewish Men and Their Underground Experiences in Nazi Germany, 1941–45**

This article examines the experiences of German Jewish men who defied their deportations and instead tried to subsist in the underground in Nazi Germany during the years of the Holocaust. The author takes a gendered perspective analyzing some of the gender-specific challenges that German Jewish men faced, as well as coping strategies these men developed to overcome them. This article argues that German Jewish men, like women, used distinctly gendered survival strategies. These included the disguising of their Jewish identities through the forging of military papers and adapting military-male behaviors; the masquerading of their physical male constitution qua assuming a female appearance; and the endorsing of their male status in the men-deprived social landscape of wartime Germany, using German women as protective shields.