The Orange and the Black by R.S. Pennefather (review)

100 THE CANADIAN HISTORICAL REVIEW livedin slumsin North Winnipeg, Smithsays little aboutworking-class life, practices, andbehaviour, despite theextensive listofscholarly works onlabour andworking-class historyfrom whichhepurportstoborrow. The pictures selected bythisWinnipeg journalistshould havecompensated for theshortcomings in thenarrative.Unfortunately,mostof theillustrations arestatic, publicrelations shots of workplaces andpeople,interspersed with union chartersand newspaperheadlines.Apart from those selectedto illustrate theFlinFlonstrikeof •934, theyhavelittlevisualimpactand,since mostare not synchronized with the accompanying text, the resultisdoubly annoying.In short, one can only concludethat those seekingaccurate information, considered interpretation,or dramaticillustrations from LetUs Rise. t will be disappointed. Nevertheless, the book'ssponsor, the Manitoba LabourEducation Centre,willfindmuchin Smith's viewof thepastbecause it provides 'arichtraditionwithinwhichto continuethestruggle for ajust and equitable social order, whichisasurgenttodayasit everwas.' w.j.c. CHERWINSKI MemorialUniversity ofNewfoundland TheOrange andtheBlack.R.s.PENNEFATHER. Toronto: T.H. BestPrinting Company•984. Pp.xv, •87 TheOrange andtheBlackisdividedinto twoparts.Part I, 'Essays,' consists of twenty-two chapterswhich discuss suchaspects of CanadianOrangeism (•89o-• 94o)as'TradeUnionsandtheOrangeOrder,''TheElection of •911,' 'The OrangeParade,''OrangePowerin the 193o's, ' 'The Conservative Party and the OrangeOrder,' and 'OrangeFamilies.'The longestessay is seven pages; twoareonlyonepage.Fifteenof thetwenty-two essays arethreepages or less.Partix,'Documents,' is alsodividedinto twenty-two chapters. They correspond to the essays and purport to documentthe main phasesof Orangeismasdiscussed in the essays. The chaptersof documentsare, on average, longerthan the essays, running from twoto sixpages.Fourteenof thesechaptersare two, three, or four pageslong. Both setsof twenty-two chapters havenotes.The resultisan awkwardwork.For example,if weare interested in Chapter•6, 'A RomanCatholic Viewof theOrangeOrderinthe •9•,o's, ' wemustreadthe text in PartI, whichrunsfrom pages4ø to 43. The notes, several of whichcontaintextualmaterial,appearonpages 43-44. We thenturntoPartIX,wherethedocuments appearonpages •31-5. Thesecond setof notes isonpage•35. Pennefather's organizational schemata isnottobe emulated. The essays are too shortto be anythingbut superficial.In approachthey tendtowardsanextremeversionof theessentially supportive interpretations of Orangeismpioneeredby Hereward Senior,GregoryS. Kealey,CecilJ. Houston,andWilliamJ. Smyth.Pennefather's viewstend moreto caricature REVIEWS 101 thantoextendearlierviews. Forexample,in hisarticle'The OrangeOrder in Toronto:Religious RiotandtheWorkingClass,' Kealeycomments, 'Orangeismwasneverracist ...'(3•,).Pennefather notesthattheUnitedStates hashad onlyoneRomanCatholic president, whileCanada hashadseveral such prime ministers.He states,'Orangemenclaim credit for this differenceon the Canadianscene'(6). Certainly someOrangemenvoted againstTupper in •896,butcanwereallycreditthenotionthatourOrangeOrderwassotolerant that it canbe considered responsible for Thompson,Laurier, St Laurent, Trudeau,Clark,or Mulroney?Someotherclaimsare quitestartling:'Asour contemporary worldagrees thatdemocracy mustneverforgettheHolocaust, sotooisOrangeism convinced thatthehorrorsofthese events [theMassacre of theHuguenots bytheCatholics of FranceandtheSpanish Inquisition] should continue tobeproclaimed' (x). There mightbesomevirtuein sanitizing the OrangeOrder, but thisistoomuch. The reprinteddocuments, whichcomefrom a varietyof newspaper and archival sources, are,atleastinsome cases, interesting. However,thesample of documents provided in Part• of TheOrange andtheBlack istoosmallto be accepted aseithercomprehensive or representative. R.S.Pennefather hasprovideda fewinsights intoOrangeism in Canada, andhasreprintedsome usefuldocuments. Unfortunately,thebookin general isepisodic in approach andsuperficial in interpretation. It addslittleto our growing knowledge of CanadianOrangeism. DONALD SWAINSON Queen's University Canadian Medicine: A Study in Restricted Entry.RONALD HAMOWY. Vancouver: TheFraser Institute•984. Pp.xxiv,394.$24.95 Thislatestmajoreffort bythe Vancouver-based FraserInstituteto persuade Canadians of the meritsof deregulationand increased competitionin the marketplaceexamines thesupplysideofhealthcare.The author,aUniversity ofAlbertahistorian of social andlegaltheory,recounts in detailthe'historical development of legalrestrictions onentryintomedicalpractice in Canada'up tothe•9•,os. The resultis•,6•,pages of refreshingly frankandgenerally well expressed prose,two-fifths on theperiod•887- •9••',analysing theadoption oflicensing, provincially andnationally, anditseconomic effects onconsumers and physicians. Twenty-onetablesprovide returns on medicalstudents, graduates, licences granted,physicians, and,from •946 to •98•, professional incomes. Explanatory notes, harshcriticisms of Canadian medical historians, andreferences to worksin the theoryand practice of occupational licensing andsources inCanadian medical history comprise another 9øpages. Aswell,in a ten-pagepreface senior Institute economistWalter Block assertsthat Hamowy's readingof thehistorical evidence andcurrentdataon physicians' ...