Books Received

BOOKS RECEIVED 481 tions of the intentional directedness of consciousness can show how deeply rooted in perceptual and emotional considerations anything that can count as knowledge actually must be. But Husserrs hostility to naturalism, like Moore's and Russell's, doomed such a project. (Cunningham might have said more than she does about MerleauPonty in this connection; Heidegger, for his part, has a rich phenomenology of perception , emotion, and cognition, but is as resolutely antinaturalistic as his mentor.) In general, Cunningham's inquiry into issues that are nowhere near being settled follows something like the following schema: (x) a phenomenological view of perception is preferable to an analytic view (where 'preferable' means 'truer to the phenomena'). (2) a naturalistic phenomenology is preferable to a nonnaturalistic phenomenology . (3) Darwinian naturalism is preferable to functionalist naturalism (sensu Putnam), and especially to computationalist versions of the latter. Cunningham concedes that cognition (unlike mere belief) requires objectivity. It is crucial to her program, then, to rebut the view that the indexical character of beliefs that spring from or facilitate an organism's relationship to its environment--that is, their ineliminable, idiosyncratic reference to the subject--undermines their objective orientation. She does so by arguing that the cognitions in question are objectively about the organism's own relationship to an objective environment in which it must survive. Is this enough objectivity, one may ask, to meet the criterion of intersubjectivity that is also a mark of knowledge? Cunningham's naturalistic phenomenoiogy puts her on a collision course with contemporary flmctionalisms and computationalist theories of mind. Functionalists are at least half-hearted naturalists. But they hold that mental acts can be specified independently of the material base on which they depend and by means of which they are carried out. Computationalists take advantage of this base-neutrality to exploit the heuristic possibilities of comparing minds to computational devices. These airy approaches are now very popular among philosophers in part because they constitute no threat to its traditional aspirations. Because they neglect, indeed spurn, the perceptual and affective context of much of the mental activity in which organisms must engage, however, Cunningham believes that they are inadequate. With this I agree, even though the road to proving it may be long. I recommend this book as a step down that long, probably very long, road. DAVID J. DEPEw University of Iowa BOOKS RECEIVED Baird, Forrest E. and Walter Kaufmann, editors. Philosophic Classics, Volume V: Twentieth-Century Philosophy. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997. Pp. xv + 448. Paper, $~9-33. Bar-Elli, Gilead. The Sense of Reference: Intentionality in Frege. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1996. Pp. xxv + 251. Cloth, DM 168.oo. 482 JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 35:3 JULY 199 7 Barbone, Steven. spinoza Bibliography: 1991-1995. Baltimore: North American Spinoza Society, 1997. PP. 47. Paper, $3.00. Bausi, Francesco. Nec rhetornequephilosophvz: Fonti, lingua e stile helleprime operelatine de Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 0484-87). Firenze: Leo S. OIschki Editore, 1996. Pp. 213. Paper, L 48,oo0. Bearn, Gordon C.F. Waking to Wonder: Wittgenztein'sExistential Investigations. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997. Pp. xxv + 265. Paper, $24.95. Bergoffen, Debra B. The Philosophy of Simone de Beauvoir: Gendered Phenomenologies, Erotic Generosities. Albany: State University of New York Press, t997. Pp. x + 250. Paper, $17.95. Bosiey, Richard, Roger A. Shiner and Janet D. Sisson, editors. Aristotle, Virtue and the Mean. Edmonton: Academic Printing & Publishing, 1996. Pp. xxi + 217. Cloth, $59-95- Paper, $91-95Boucher , David and Bruce Haddock, editors. Collingwood Studies, Volume 3 0996): Lettersfrom Iceland and OtherEssays. Swansea, UK: R. G. Coilingwood Society, 1996. Pp. xi + 931. Cloth, NP. Carter, C. Allen. Kenneth Burr and the Scapegoat Process. Norman: Oklahoma University Press, 1996. Pp. xxi + 169. Paper, $14.95. Casey, Edward S. The Fate of Place:A PhilosophicalHistory. Berkeley: University of CaliforniaPress, 1997. Pp. xviii + 488. Cloth, $45.oo. Dall'Accademia Neoplatonica Fiorentina alia Rifm'ma. Firenze: Leo S. OIschki Editore, 1996. Pp. t45. Paper, L 29,0oo. Della Rocca, Michael. Representation and the Mind-Body Problem in Spinoza. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Pp. xiv + 223.Cloth, $39-95. Dillon, J. M. and A.A. Long, editors. The...