Who believes in me? The effect of student–teacher demographic match on teacher expectations

S Gershenson, SB Holt, NW Papageorge - Economics of education review, 2016 - Elsevier
Teachers are an important source of information for traditionally disadvantaged students.
However, little is known about how teachers form expectations and whether they are
systematically biased. We investigate whether student–teacher demographic mismatch
affects high school teachers' expectations for students' educational attainment. Using a
student fixed effects strategy that exploits expectations data from two teachers per student,
we find that non-black teachers of black students have significantly lower expectations than …