Income and wealth inequalities have now reached their highest levels in 30 years. Hence the growing concerns over their adverse societal and economic impacts among academics, policy-makers, international financial organizations and civil society. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has been analysing this phenomenon in a series of special reports following the 2008 global crisis, of which the current volume is the third. Its major focus is on key areas where inequalities originate, how they affect economic growth and through which channels, which policies have worked and why, and where new policy approaches should be considered. The report consists of seven chapters. It starts with an overview of inequality trends and policy directions, noting that inequality increases in both good and bad times, it drags down economic growth, and tends to limit investment opportunities for wide segments of society (Chapter 1). Beyond its impact on social cohesion, it considers how inequality can adversely affect growth, notably via reduced social mobility and low human capital development (Chapter 2). In response to the 2008 crisis, taxes and social transfers cushioned the impact on poor households during the initial period, but were less successful once fiscal consolidation was introduced to check growing public deficits and debts (Chapter 3). Arguably, rising non-standard work (temporary, parttime and self-employment), which represents a third of total employment in OECD countries and more than half of all job growth since the mid-1990s, can create job opportunities, but also contributes to higher inequality (Chapter 4). The higher participation of women in the labour force in full-time, better paying and skilled jobs contributes to reducing household income inequality, but pay differentials, prevalence of part-time or less skilled jobs, and male/female earning gaps limit this potential (Chapter 5). Concentration of household wealth differs across the OECD countries, depending on the demographic characteristics of the households’ positive wealth, the composition of their assets, and the incidence of their debt and over-indebtedness following the 2008 crisis (Chapter 6). Beyond the OECD member countries, the report looks into income inequality and poverty as well as policy responses in emerging economies (EEs), highlighting the diverse impact of fiscal policy and income redistribution in seven EEs–Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru and South Africa (Chapter 7). Looking at the sources of growing inequality, the report notes that over the past three decades globalization, technological change and regulatory reforms (including taxation and social transfers) have transformed the labour market and the demand for skills, resulting in the unprecedented growth of non-standard jobs. While responding to employers’ and workers’ need for flexibility, they have drastically increased job polarization among high-skilled, well-paying jobs and low-skilled, low-paid jobs, affecting the earnings and incomes particularly at the top and the bottom of the distribution, hollowing out the middle of the workforce. Since the mid-1990s, almost half of all new jobs have been in nonstandard work, rising to 60 per cent following the 2008 global crisis, constituting more often than not “dead-ends” rather than the promised “stepping stone” to a career. Given the very high incidence of non-standard jobs among women (mainly part-time, though often long-term), and among youth, especially low-skilled men (close to half the temporary contracts are held by people younger than age 30),