We are entering yet another historical moment when American higher education is threatened with resegregation and the end of racebased affirmative action. After the passage of Proposition 209, the California Anti-Affirmative Action Initiative, African American, Latina/o, and Native American students experienced a proportional decline in admission to undergraduate, graduate, and professional schools. Given that this California pattern seems to be a national trend, the cumulative effect of the decline in admissions at public higher education institutions reduces the representation of people of color in leadership or professional service positions in US society. Much of this move to resegregate US higher education and end race-based affirmative action occurs under the banner of efforts to improve academic standards and quality. In order to place affirmative action programs in historical perspective, we must look at the landmark 1978