THIS CONTINUING STUDY of ancient Greek roads focusses on the mountain passes. Traces of pre-automobile roads in the plains have all but disappeared with the expansion of Greek agriculture into every arable field. Only on the mountainsides remain terracing and road beds which were followed by the early nineteenth-century travellers, such as Leake and Gell,-evidence which, when combined with that in our ancient sources, allows us to offer reasonable hypotheses about ancient routes. Since roads connected ancient villages, the identification of some sites has been discussed. Frazer several times informs us that in his day, the early 1890's, new carriage roads were under construction. These were subsequently converted into automobile roads and remained in use until very recently, when bulldozers and heavy engineering equipment have been used to build faster routes of communication between centers of population. For the recovery of the routes followed by Frazer and earlier travellers, I have collected as complete testimonia as possible, presenting the evidence usually in the form of direct quotation.

Ancient roads were used by travellers on foot, beasts of burden, and relatively small carts. They invariably follow very direct routes. It is striking that we have often found traces of early roads along the line of telephone poles and high tension wires. Conservative students of ancient logistics and commerce may find it instructive to inspect at least one of the ancient routes, in particular that studied in