Current knowledge and thinking on the ecology of the Mediterranean type sclerophyll shrublands and heath lands of the southern and south-western Cape is reviewed in 13 concise syntheses. The Fynbos Biome is defined and characterized in terms of flora, vegetation physiognomy and ecology and the various ecosystems within the region are described. Climate and soil gradients and their relationships with topography and geology are discussed. The major hydro logical and hydrobiological features of the region are outlined, with particular reference to local variation in water quality. Fire is a factor of considerable ecological and economic importance in the biome and information on fire incidence, seasonality, intensity and behaviour is summarized. A paleoecological perspective is provided as a basis to discussions on the region's biogeography. The plant ecology of the biome is described in some detail, while brief synopses are provided on animal ecology, invasive weeds and nature conservation. The volume is concluded with comments on the rational for intensified research and a brief examination of key issues requiring priority attention.