Material deprivation has been measured in a variety of ways, such as in terms of income
shortfalls or the experience of different types of material hardship. This paper tests the extent
to which indicators of hardship are associated with income poverty. Using a US dataset with
detailed income and poverty information observed over a few years, we find that timing,
duration, and depth of poverty are all associated with material hardships (food insecurity,
difficulty meeting basic needs, lack of consumer durables, housing problems, neighborhood …