Free (z) ing degrees of freedom in skill acquisition

B Vereijken, REA Emmerik, HTA Whiting… - Journal of motor …, 1992 - Taylor & Francis
B Vereijken, REA Emmerik, HTA Whiting, KM Newell
Journal of motor behavior, 1992Taylor & Francis
This study reports an empirical investigation into Bernstein's (1967) ideas that in the early
stages of the acquisition of a movement skill the coordination problem is reduced by an
initial freezing out of degrees of freedom, followed later in the learning process by the
release of these degrees of freedom and their incorporation into a dynamic, controllable
system.“Freezing” degrees of freedom was made operational both as a rigid fixation of
individual degrees of freedom and as the formation of rigid couplings between multiple …
Abstract
This study reports an empirical investigation into Bernstein's (1967) ideas that in the early stages of the acquisition of a movement skill the coordination problem is reduced by an initial freezing out of degrees of freedom, followed later in the learning process by the release of these degrees of freedom and their incorporation into a dynamic, controllable system. “Freezing” degrees of freedom was made operational both as a rigid fixation of individual degrees of freedom and as the formation of rigid couplings between multiple degrees of freedom. Five subjects practiced slalom-like ski movements on a ski apparatus for 7 consecutive days. Results showed that at the early phases of learning, the joint angles of the lower limbs and torso displayed little movement, as expressed by their standard deviations and ranges of angular motion, whereas joint couplings were high, as shown by the relatively high cross correlations between joint angles. Over practice, angular movement significantly increased in all joint angles of the lower limbs and torso, although the cross correlations decreased. Support for the processes of freezing and releasing degrees of freedom was thus given at both levels of operationalization. In addition, a consistent change from laterally symmetric to laterally asymmetric cross-correlation patterns were observed as a function of practice. Overall, the findings provide empirical support for Bernstein's ideas regarding the mastery of redundant degrees of freedom in the acquisition of coordination.
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